航空官员表示，全球空中交通管制员短缺正在推动经验丰富的员工跨国招聘，暴露出引发航空安全和旅行中断担忧的人员配置缺口。
A global shortage of air traffic controllers is fueling cross-border recruitment of experienced staff, exposing staffing gaps that are raising concerns about air safety and travel disruption, aviation officials say.
从澳大利亚到加拿大和南非，各国正在争夺经验丰富的管制员，一些国家甚至在本国员工被其他国家挖走的同时，转而招聘外国人来填补空缺。根据航空培训公司CAE（CAE.TO）2025年的预测，到2034年，全球将需要7.1万名新的空中交通管制员。
Countries from Australia to Canada and South Africa are competing for experienced controllers, with some turning to foreigners to fill vacancies even as their own staff are recruited elsewhere. Globally, 71,000 new air traffic controllers will be needed by 2034, according to a 2025 forecast from aviation training firm CAE (CAE.TO).
这种竞争凸显了一个更广泛的问题：该行业正努力替换老龄化的员工队伍，并培训足够数量的管制员以满足需求。在各国之间转移经验丰富的员工可以提供短期缓解，但对解决根本性的全球短缺帮助不大，而培训替代人员可能需要数年时间。澳大利亚、美国和加拿大等国的管制员短缺已导致航班中断。
The competition highlights a broader problem for an industry struggling to replace an aging workforce and train controllers quickly enough to meet demand. Moving experienced staff between countries can offer short-term relief but does little to address the underlying global shortage, while training replacements can take years. Australia, the United States and Canada are among countries where controller shortages have contributed to flight disruptions.
路透社采访的管制员和工会官员表示，员工离职是为了获得更高薪酬、更好的工作条件，在某些情况下，还为了有机会在本国退休年龄之后继续工作。
Controllers and union officials interviewed by Reuters said staff were leaving for higher pay, improved conditions and in some cases the opportunity to work beyond their home country's retirement age.
两名知情人士表示，一些受雇于澳大利亚航空服务公司（Airservices Australia）的管制员正在前往卡塔尔，该国最近发布了招聘广告。
Two people with knowledge of the matter said some controllers employed by Airservices Australia were moving to Qatar, which has recently advertised for staff.
“我们了解到，澳大利亚多个地点的几十名ATC（空中交通管制员），包括一些在悉尼的管制员，要么已从航空服务公司辞职前往海外工作，要么正在探索这样做的机会，”民用航空澳大利亚工会（Civil Air Australia）主席斯科特·努根特（Scott Nugent）表示。
"We are aware of dozens of ATCs (air traffic controllers) across multiple locations in Australia, including some in Sydney, who have either resigned from Airservices to work overseas, or are exploring the opportunity to do so," said Scott Nugent, president of union Civil Air Australia.
其中一名知情人士表示，大多数离职的管制员正在寻求关于疲劳、休假、加班和人员配置方面的更好条件。
Most departing controllers were searching for better conditions regarding fatigue, leave, overtime and staffing, one of the people said.
澳大利亚航空服务公司表示，其管制员的全国流失率在预期范围内。卡塔尔民用航空管理局未回应置评请求。
Airservices Australia said its national attrition rate for controllers was within expectations. Qatar's civil aviation authority did not respond to a request for comment.
加拿大通常只雇佣公民或永久居民担任管制员，但也已将目光投向海外。该国空中导航服务提供商NAV CANADA表示，最近曾聘用一家外部公司，作为“一种有限的、针对性的措施”，招募八名愿意移民加拿大的外国管制员。
Canada, which normally hires only citizens or permanent residents as controllers, has also looked overseas. NAV CANADA, the country's air navigation service provider, said it had recently used an external firm as part of "a limited, targeted measure" to recruit eight foreign controllers willing to immigrate to Canada.
与此同时，南非正试图避免仅仅将短缺问题转移到其他地方。该国空中交通与导航服务机构在2024年至去年八个月内自身损失了28名管制员后，限制了从单个国家招聘的员工数量。
South Africa, meanwhile, is trying to avoid simply transferring shortages elsewhere. Its Air Traffic and Navigation Services agency limits the number of staff it seeks from individual countries after losing 28 controllers itself within eight months between 2024 and last year.
“我们不想对任何特定国家这样做，”空中交通与导航服务机构首席运营官乔西亚·曼雅科安娜说。
"We don't want to do that to any one specific country," said Josia Manyakoana, chief operating officer at Air Traffic and Navigation Services.
新西兰的机构也表示，空中导航服务提供商应共同解决人员短缺问题，“而不是简单地将”问题从一个组织转移到另一个组织。
New Zealand's agency similarly said air navigation service providers should collectively tackle staffing shortages "rather than simply shifting" the problem from one organization to another.
代表空中交通管制提供商的全球贸易团体民用空中导航服务组织（CANSO）正在研究在管制员当前雇主与培训他们的组织之间分担培训成本的方式。
Civil Air Navigation Services Organisation (CANSO), a global trade group representing air traffic control providers, is examining ways to share training costs between controllers' current employers and the organizations that trained them.
“培训管制员的（国家）通常承担全部成本，即使该管制员后来离开，”CANSO的一位发言人说。“我们知道，我们的几个成员一直担心失去他们自费培训的管制员。”不过，一些国家也在寻找扩大全球管制员池的新方法。拥有管制员盈余的印度尼西亚已同意明年向澳大利亚派遣五名管制员，在那里工作至2030年。
"The (country) that trains a controller usually carries the full cost, even if that controller later moves on," a CANSO spokesperson said. "We're aware that several of our members have been concerned about losing controllers they trained at their own expense." Still, some countries are also looking for new ways to expand the global pool. Indonesia, which has a surplus of controllers, has agreed to deploy five to Australia next year to work there until 2030.
“澳大利亚需要更多管制员，而我们目前有盈余，”印尼空中导航公司运营总监塞蒂奥·安格罗罗说。“我们准备好输出我们的管制员。”最终，航空官员表示，仅靠招聘无法解决失衡问题：各国需要培训更多管制员，同时改善留任率。
"Australia needs more controllers and we have a surplus at the moment," AirNav Indonesia Director of Operations Setio Anggoro said. "We are ready to export our controllers." Ultimately, aviation officials say recruitment alone cannot solve the imbalance: countries need to train more controllers while improving retention.
加拿大航空交通管制协会主席尼克·冯·舍恩伯格表示，他的工会通常不赞成通过外籍雇佣来解决长期存在的人员配置问题，但不会反对NAV CANADA的招聘计划。“鉴于当前形势的严重性，我们不会对此置身事外，”他说。
Nick von Schoenberg, president of the Canadian Air Traffic Control Association, said his union was not usually in favor of foreign hiring as a solution to longstanding staffing problems, but it was not objecting to NAV CANADA's recruitment plans. "Given the severity of the current circumstances we are not going to get in the way of this," he said.