Was this award-winning book written by AI? Scandal deepens skepticism in literary world Thélyson Orélien's debut novel shortlisted for prestigious prizes. Then the allegations started pouring in A Quebec-based author is at the centre of an artificial intelligence scandal shaking the French literary world and raising questions around how the industry should be using AI — and its detection tools.

Was this award-winning book written by AI? Scandal deepens skepticism in literary world Thélyson Orélien's debut novel shortlisted for prestigious prizes. Then the allegations started pouring in A Quebec-based author is at the centre of an artificial intelligence scandal shaking the French literary world and raising questions around how the industry should be using AI — and its detection tools.

Breakthrough star Thélyson Orélien, a Canadian-Haitian poet and author, has been accused of writing his debut novel using generative AI, which he vehemently denies. The scandal comes as C’était ça ou mourir is being considered for various prestigious awards.

The allegation first surfaced Monday – the same day Orélien won the Prix du roman Fnac – on the anonymous X account "Balance ton Claude," which claims to expose AI slop.

The account claims to have analyzed several excerpts from the book using the AI-detector tool Pangram, which found the text was “100 per cent” AI. CBC News replicated the Pangram experiment with different excerpts of the book, which led to the same result.

Speaking to franceinfo Wednesday, the president of the Académie Goncourt, which shortlisted Orélien for an award, said the latter wouldn’t be disqualified unless “irrefutable evidence” were to surface.

“The academy is taking the time to consider the various factors involved in this case before making a decision that will preserve both the integrity of the prize it awards and that of its work,” Claudel Philippe told CBC in a statement Thursday. The executive director of Writers’ Trust of Canada, David Leonard, says the question of how trustworthy these AI-detection tools are is an issue the entire industry is grappling with. For now, the organization, which recognizes local writers, relies on self-declarations made by the authors.

But it’s exploring its options, he says. “It's a very fast-moving issue,” Leonard said. “We don't want to be in a situation where we're getting false positives, nor do we want to be in a situation where we're using a tool that is not effective.” On Thursday afternoon, Orélien's Montreal-based publishing house, Éditions du Boréal, announced it was suspending its press tour for the author, who is currently in France gearing up for award season.

“It's a very fast-moving issue,” Leonard said. “We don't want to be in a situation where we're getting false positives, nor do we want to be in a situation where we're using a tool that is not effective.” On Thursday afternoon, Orélien's Montreal-based publishing house, Éditions du Boréal, announced it was suspending its press tour for the author, who is currently in France gearing up for award season.

"We unreservedly condemn the hateful messages and personal attacks of recent days and call on everyone to exercise restraint," it wrote in a statement.

"We unreservedly condemn the hateful messages and personal attacks of recent days and call on everyone to exercise restraint," it wrote in a statement. It adds that its decision is to preserve Orélien's well-being and that the book, which was published in the spring, remains available.

What happened? C'était ça ou mourir, which translates to "It was either that or die" tells the story of a man who undertakes a perilous journey across the Americas to escape gang violence in Haiti’s Port-au-Prince.

Orélien has previously said his own experience of leaving Haiti following the 2010 earthquake and stories of other migrants he met in Montreal helped shape the novel.

In a statement Tuesday evening, he attempted to soothe the scrutiny of his heavy use of metaphors and similes in the book, which many have pointed to as tells that AI was involved in the writing process. "I come from a Haitian and Caribbean literary tradition in which poetry, imagery, repetition, and rhythm carry a living voice," Orélien said in the statement written in French and released by Éditions du Boréal.

"One might debate my style, but treating its techniques as evidence of artificial intelligence has nothing to do with literary criticism," he said.

In the same statement, Éditions du Boréal affirmed its support for the author, saying Orélien's manuscript was drafted several years ago and evolved over multiple exchanges with his editor. However, new allegations have cast doubt on Orélien's credibility beyond the fiction-writing sphere. Allegations of plagiarism On Wednesday, the Quebec newspaper La Presse uncovered multiple instances of possible plagiarism in Orélion’s columns across different publications dating back to 2012. Radio-Canada's Décrypteurs has since verified those findings.

Orélien has not addressed the compounding scandal. Speaking to Radio-Canada’s Tout un matin Thursday morning, La Presse’s vice-president of information, François Cardinal said he read the book – stopping short of calling it “incredible” – and at no point suspected the involvement of AI.

“We’ll never have a definitive answer on AI one way or the other. We can’t prove beyond all doubt that AI was used. And we can’t prove that AI wasn’t used,” he said.

But given the plagiarism allegations, he said the publication will likely not consider Orélien for future columns.

In an update Thursday morning, Éditions du Boréal said it was taking stock of the newest and "very serious" plagiarism allegations.

Thursday afternoon, the literary festival Salon du livre in the Eastern Townships announced it was dropping Orélien as its guest of honour. A few hours later, Éditions du Boréal announced its suspension of Orélien's press tour.

In its latest statement, it continued to defend its editorial process, adding that despite its best efforts to produce a "definitive answer" as to whether the book was written by AI, the publishing house says it is simply "impossible at this stage to confirm or deny the allegations."

"The fact remains that the novel has reached tens of thousands of readers across the French-speaking world, as well as numerous international publishers," reads the statement. "In the absence of serious, tangible evidence, it is not for us to decide whether it has the right to exist." Tools detect AI, not ideas For Florent Michelot, a Concordia professor who researches AI in education, Orélien’s ordeal raises a key question: Have we entered an era where the final product is no longer enough when judging someone’s work?

“I didn’t read the book, but maybe [Orélien] developed very complex personalities for his characters, maybe he developed a wonderful atmosphere … and the AI only helped to write the sentences,” he said.

Michelot says he's personally tested Pangram, the AI-detector tool, and like many other experts who have spoken out since the controversy broke, he says the tool is "amazing." Basically, the tool identifies patterns based on probability, he explains. If every word in an excerpt is statistically the most likely word to follow the one before it, then AI was most likely involved in the writing, according to the tool.

So, as more people lean on AI for things like research, spellcheck and translations, Michelot wonders if the creative process will begin to gain more value over the finished product.

Humans reading humans For French literature professor Emeline Pierre, who teaches at the Université de Montréal, the controversy has created a sense of unease, she says. The questions of why Orélien was targeted and why now are central to how she's digesting the situation. Regardless, she puts in doubt the reliability of AI-detecting tools. As for the repetitions and metaphors in Orélien's text, she says they are characteristic of writing styles in the Caribbean.

"Once again, we see the journey of a Black person who makes their mark. And when that person perhaps goes too far — garners too much recognition — it seems to me that they eventually become a source of discomfort," she said.

She says the attention the controversy has garnered harkens back to the case of Jason Arday, a Cambridge professor who gained prominence after becoming the university's youngest professor in 2023 at age 37. He was found dead inside his apartment after becoming the focus of a plagiarism scandal. Pierre worries about the effect the Orélien story will have on emerging young Black writers, adding that the speed with which scandals seem to close in on their subject when they’re Black is worrisome.

The executive director of the Writers' Trust of Canada says despite the controversy and AI’s seemingly growing writing proficiency, it’s not the future of literature itself he’s worried about, but the viability of writing as a career.

The executive director of the Writers' Trust of Canada says despite the controversy and AI’s seemingly growing writing proficiency, it’s not the future of literature itself he’s worried about, but the viability of writing as a career. He says many authors support themselves by taking on other types of writing jobs and those are being eliminated by AI.

“So these tools are making it much more difficult for writers to make a living,” he said. “We'll continue to write literature, and people wanting to read human-authored works will continue to want to read human-authored works.”

With files from The Canadian Press