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万斯对全职妈妈的计划格局太小Vance’s Plan for Stay-at-Home Moms Thinks Too Small

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作者:Abby McCloskey白宫正在考虑一项计划,允许已婚、全职在家的父母通过儿童保育与发展基金(CCDBG)获得报酬,该基金原本是为贫困职场父母提供托儿补助的。但其实有更慷慨、更负责任的方式来支持全职在家的父母,既符合财政纪律,又不挤占其他家庭的资源。

By Abby McCloskey The White House is considering a plan to allow married, stay-at-home parents to be paid through the Child Care and Development Block Grant (CCDBG), a child-care fund for impoverished working parents. But there are more generous ways to support at-home parents that are fiscally responsible and that don’t compromise resources for other families.

正如副总统JD·万斯所言:“普通美国人更看重家庭而非工作,他们希望家庭政策不把孩子塞进烂托儿所。”我对此深表赞同。

In the words of Vice President JD Vance, “Normal Americans care more about their families than their jobs, and want a family policy that doesn’t shunt their kids into crap daycare.” I couldn’t agree more.

具有讽刺意味的是,这正是CCDBG设立背后的初衷。回顾历史:该计划是1990年代福利改革的一部分。改革前,单身母亲领取政府救济却往往不工作,这延续了贫困与依赖的循环,尤其让共和党人担忧,因为他们长期以倡导个人能动性和向上流动为荣。

Ironically, that is the very spirit behind CCDBG. A bit of history: The program was created as part of welfare reform in the 1990s. Prior to reform, single mothers were collecting government benefits, and often not working. This was perpetuating a cycle of poverty and dependence that concerned Republicans in particular, who’ve long prided themselves on agency and upward mobility.

但在1990年代中期,共和党控制的国会与民主党总统克林顿通过了一项法律,收紧了工作要求,这反过来又要求提供比大多数低收入单身母亲负担得起的更好的托儿选择。

But in the mid-1990s, a GOP-controlled Congress and Democratic President Bill Clinton passed a law that tightened work requirements, which in turn necessitated better child-care options than most low-income single mothers could afford.

因此CCDBG应运而生,这是一项拨款给各州的整笔拨款,为托儿服务提供者提供支持,同时向低收入职场父母发放托儿券。据两党政策中心统计,至今受助者中80%以上为单身母亲,其中一半处于贫困线以下。

Hence the creation of CCDBG, a block grant to states that provided support for child-care providers as well as vouchers to low-income working parents. To this day, upwards of 80% of recipients are single mothers, according to the Bipartisan Policy Center. Half are below the poverty line.

万斯提案引发的大部分愤怒,源于其试图从一个本就资金严重不足的项目中抽调资金。只有七分之一符合联邦资格的儿童能获得 CCDBG(儿童保育与发展基金)资助。万斯的做法可能导致生活在贫困线以下的儿童,不得不与收入接近州中位数的已婚家庭争夺资源。仅这一点就使该提案行不通。而且,大多数全职主母家庭的收入足以使其在万斯的计划下失去申请资格。这根本算不上什么“文化突围”。

Much of the outrage over Vance’s proposal is related to taking money from a program that has never had enough funding in the first place. Only one in seven federally eligible children receive CCDBG support. Vance’s approach could result in children below the poverty line competing for resources with married families near the state median income. This alone makes it a nonstarter. And most married families with stay-at-home mothers earn enough that they’d be ineligible for support under Vance’s plan. Hardly a cultural unlock.

但更宏大的问题——如何能更好地支持更多家庭?——值得更深入的探讨。

But the broader question — how can more families be better supported? — deserves more examination.

首先,必须直截了当地说:支持全职父母并非倒行逆施,也不是反女权。根据皮尤研究中心的数据,多数美国人(55%)仍认为,对于双亲家庭的孩子来说,由一方父母全职在家照料是最好的。四分之一的母亲是全职父母,父亲中这一比例为 7%。

First, let’s say plainly that it’s not knuckle dragging or anti-feminist to support stay-at-home parents. The majority of Americans (55%) still believe it is best for children in two-parent households if one parent stays home, according to Pew Research. One in four mothers are stay-at-home parents, as are 7% of fathers.

其次,低收入母亲在现行体制下的处境并不理想。虽然福利改革大幅提高了单身母亲的劳动参与率和收入,但 Chris M. Herbst 和 Erdal Tekin 在美国国家经济研究局(NBER)的一篇论文发现,由于同时兼顾孩子和工作的压力,亲子互动质量下降,母亲健康状况恶化。这表明,单纯增加托儿补贴并不能抵消推动单身母亲全职工作所带来的代价。这是决策者应当正视的成本。

Second, low-income mothers aren’t doing particularly well under the current system. While welfare reform dramatically increased single mothers’ workforce participation and income, an NBER paper by Chris M. Herbst and Erdal Tekin found a decrease in the quality of interaction between parents and children and worse maternal health, given the stress of juggling their kids and their jobs. This suggests that pushing single mothers into full-time work had a cost that was not offset simply by adding in child-care subsidies. That cost is one policy makers should address.

这引出了一条替代的前进道路。在支持因当今经济环境而感受到经济压力的职场父母方面,CCDBG 远非最关键的问题。儿童税收抵免的成本要高得多,若按现行水平持续,其最高每年从出生到 17 岁提供 2200 美元,一个孩子的一生总计近 40000 美元。

Which brings us to an alternative way forward. CCDBG is not the biggest fish to fry when it comes to supporting working parents feeling the financial squeeze in today’s economy. Far from it. It is a small fraction of the cost of the child tax credit, which at its maximum delivers $2,200 a year from birth through age 17, or a total of nearly $40,000 over a child’s life should current levels persist.

如果儿童税收抵免不是逐年少量发放,而是在孩子生命的前四年集中发放,会怎样?这每年每个孩子可能高达约10,000美元,大多数家庭都能获得。

What if, instead of being dribbled out year by year, the tax credit were front-loaded in the first four years of a child’s life? That could amount to approximately $10,000 per year per child, available to the majority of families.

这不会损害儿童保育与发展基金(CCDBG)。这不会让联邦政府多花一分钱。这不会陷入大政府偏袒特定类型家庭的陷阱——这种陷阱未来可能被反转,转而偏袒其他类型家庭,比如无子女家庭。而且这能帮助家庭填补从出生到5岁的空档期,那时大多数孩子开始上公立学校。

It wouldn’t compromise CCDBG. It wouldn’t cost the federal government another dime. It wouldn’t fall prey to the big government trap of favoring certain kinds of families — a trap that can be reversed to favor other types of families in the future, such as childless ones. And it would help families bridge the gap from birth to age 5, when most children start attending public school.

当然,这可能会带来一些福利改革之前就存在的类似挑战。肯定有人会争辩说,在经济紧张时期,一些家庭会为了获得前置税收抵免而生育孩子。但正如福利改革辩论时期的情况一样,这些担忧很可能被夸大了。还有人可能会争辩说,额外收入往往会抑制工作意愿,尽管对万斯来说,这或许算是个好处。

Of course, it could introduce some of the same challenges that pre-dated welfare reform. Some would surely argue that in a tight economy, some families would have children in order to gain the front-loaded tax credit. But, as was the case when welfare reform was being debated, these concerns are likely overblown. Others might argue that additional income tends to discourage work, although perhaps for Vance that’s a benefit.

万斯说得对,美国家庭政策有改进空间,但他的着眼点太小了。重新设计儿童税收抵免能以财政负责的方式,帮助许多美国家庭填补幼儿期的空档。

Vance is right that American family policy could be improved, but he’s focused on too small a target. Reworking the child tax credit would help to bridge the early-childhood gap for many American families in a fiscally responsible way.

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To contact the author of this story: at amccloskey7@bloomberg.net