非洲长期争取在联合国安理会获得常任席位的呼声，在第81届联合国大会上再次成为焦点，各国领导人重申呼吁改革这一自1945年以来五个常任理事国成员从未改变的机构。
– Africa’s long-running campaign for permanent representation on the United Nations Security Council is back in focus at the 81st UN General Assembly, with leaders renewing calls to reform a body whose five permanent members have remained unchanged since 1945.
联合国秘书长古特雷斯周二在向大会发表的告别演讲中，重申了他对安理会改革的呼吁，表示安理会必须变得更具代表性，并更好地反映当今的地缘政治现实。
UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres used his final address to the General Assembly on Tuesday to renew his call for Security Council reform, saying it must become more representative and better reflect today’s geopolitical realities.
尼日利亚副总统谢蒂马代表总统蒂努布发表国家声明，呼吁为非洲争取至少两个拥有否决权的常任理事国席位（只要否决权存在），以及五个非常任理事国席位。
Nigeria’s Vice President Kashim Shettima, delivering President Bola Tinubu’s national statement, called for at least two permanent seats for Africa, with veto powers for as long as the veto exists, as well as five non-permanent seats for the continent.
加纳总统马哈马提出了类似呼吁：“安理会改革不是对非洲的恩赐；它是联合国合法性、可信度和生存的当务之急。”
Ghana’s President John Mahama made a similar appeal: “Security Council reform is not a favour to Africa; it is an imperative for the legitimacy, credibility and survival of the United Nations”.
这些重申的呼吁凸显了非洲诉求的分量。但要将其转化为改变安理会结构的协议，仍是一项难度大得多的任务。
The renewed calls highlight the scale of Africa’s demand. But translating them into an agreement that changes the Council’s structure remains a far more difficult task.
陷入停滞的改革进程 安理会共有15个成员：五个常任理事国——中国、法国、俄罗斯、英国和美国，以及由大会选举产生、任期两年的10个非常任理事国。
A reform process that has stalled The Security Council has 15 members: five permanent members, China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States, and 10 members elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms.
五个常任理事国拥有否决权，允许它们中的任何一个阻止安理会通过实质性决议。没有任何非洲国家拥有常任席位。
The five permanent members hold veto power, allowing any one of them to block a substantive Council resolution. No African country has a permanent seat.
然而，非洲仍是安理会大量工作的核心。2025年，安理会通过了44项决议，其中包括24项根据《联合国宪章》第七章通过的决议，涉及制裁和授权使用武力等措施。这24项第七章决议中，有18项涉及非洲。
Yet Africa remains central to much of the Council’s work. In 2025, the Council adopted 44 resolutions, including 24 under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, which covers measures such as sanctions and authorisations for the use of force. Eighteen of those 24 Chapter VII resolutions concerned Africa.
对于前尼日利亚外交部长、前尼日利亚常驻联合国代表易卜拉欣·甘巴里教授而言，这一问题不仅关乎地理因素。
For Professor Ibrahim Gambari, a former Nigerian foreign minister and former Nigerian permanent representative to the UN, the issue is not simply one of geography.
“现状并不真正有意改变，”他对半岛电视台表示。“在秘书长的任命中，除非五个常任理事国每一个都同意，否则你无法成为候选人。因此，我们拥有未经选举产生的‘五常’特权，而他们不愿放弃这一特权。”甘巴里表示，考虑到非洲大陆的规模以及安理会涉及非洲事务的数量，非洲的缺席很难得到合理解释。
“The status quo is not really interested in change,” he told Al Jazeera. “In the appointment of the Secretary-General, you cannot be a candidate unless each of the five permanent members agrees. Therefore, we have the privilege of the unelected P5, which they don’t want to relinquish.” Gambari said Africa’s absence was difficult to justify given the continent’s size and the amount of Security Council business involving it. “In the case of Africa, we have a whole continent that has the largest single bloc, yet has no permanent seat on the Security Council,” he said.
“就非洲而言，我们拥有一个拥有最大单一集团的整个大陆，却在安理会没有常任席位，”他说。
The General Assembly launched the intergovernmental negotiations process on Security Council reform in 2008. The talks cover the Council’s size, membership categories, regional representation and the veto, and have continued through successive General Assembly sessions without agreement on the core questions.
大会于2008年启动了安理会改革的政府间谈判进程。谈判涵盖安理会规模、成员资格类别、地区代表性和否决权等议题，并延续至各届大会会议，但在核心问题上始终未能达成一致。
The General Assembly launched the intergovernmental negotiations process on Security Council reform in 2008. The talks cover the Council’s size, membership categories, regional representation and the veto, and have continued through successive General Assembly sessions without agreement on the core questions.
改变安理会常任成员还需要修改《联合国宪章》。根据第108条，这需要三分之二大会成员批准，并由三分之二联合国会员国（包括所有五个常任理事国）批准方能生效。
Changing the Council’s permanent membership would also require an amendment to the UN Charter. Under Article 108, that requires approval by two-thirds of the General Assembly and ratification by two-thirds of UN members, including all five permanent members.
这赋予了现有常任理事国在任何授予其常任成员资格和否决权的制度变革中拥有正式发言权。
That gives the existing permanent members a formal role in any change to the system that grants them permanent membership and veto power.
尼日利亚寻求常任席位 哪些非洲国家最终将占据任何新增的常任席位是另一个未解决的问题。
Nigeria wants a permanent seat Which African countries would eventually occupy any new permanent seats is another unresolved issue.
尼日利亚一贯将自己定位为准备承担此类角色的国家。在今年的大会上，该国重申呼吁至少设立两个非洲常任席位，享有常任成员的所有权利和责任，包括在否决权存在期间拥有否决权。
Nigeria has consistently presented itself as a country prepared to take on such a role. At this year’s General Assembly, the country renewed its call for at least two permanent African seats with all the rights and responsibilities of permanent membership, including the veto for as long as it exists.
伦敦大学亚非学院（SOAS）政治学家、国际安全专家Fola Aina博士对半岛电视台表示，这一问题对尼日利亚也具有特殊意义。
Dr Fola Aina, a political scientist and international security expert at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London, told Al Jazeera the issue also carried particular significance for Nigeria.
“获得这一席位将从根本上提升尼日利亚的全球外交影响力，让非洲在国际安全决策中拥有持续的话语权，并赋予尼日利亚巩固其地区霸权和中等强国地位的权力，”他说。
“Securing this position would essentially elevate Nigeria’s global diplomatic influence, give Africa a continuous voice in international security decisions and grant Nigeria the power to consolidate its position as a regional hegemon and middle power,” he said.
“考虑到当前的战略竞争时代，尼日利亚此时发起冲刺的时机显得尤为具有战略意义。”尼日利亚并非唯一寻求常任席位的国家。埃及和南非也在争取常任代表权，其他非洲国家也表达了兴趣。
“The timing of Nigeria’s push is particularly strategic given the current age of strategic competition.” Nigeria is not alone in seeking a permanent role. Egypt and South Africa have also pursued permanent representation, while other African states have expressed interest.
然而，非洲联盟尚未选定具体国家占据拟议席位。其共同立场呼吁在扩大后的安理会中设立至少两个非洲常任席位和五个非常任席位，由非盟决定哪些国家代表大陆。
The African Union, however, has not selected specific countries to occupy the proposed seats. Its common position calls for at least two permanent African seats and five non-permanent seats on an expanded Council, with the AU determining which countries should represent the continent.
否决权问题 即使就谁代表非洲达成一致，另一个障碍依然存在：否决权。
The veto question Even if agreement could be reached on who should represent Africa, another obstacle would remain: the veto.
非盟的《埃祖利尼共识》呼吁，任何非洲常任成员国应享有与现有常任成员国相同的权利和特权，包括在否决权仍是安理会制度一部分的情况下拥有否决权。
The African Union’s Ezulwini Consensus calls for any permanent African members to have the same rights and privileges as the existing permanent members, including veto power for as long as the veto remains part of the Council’s system.
位于纽约联合国总部的联合国安理会 [Angela Weiss/ AFP] 因此，非洲各国政府认为，如果不赋予同等权力而仅增加常任席位，无法完全纠正它们寻求解决的不平衡。
The UN Security Council at United Nations headquarters in New York [Angela Weiss/ AFP] African governments have therefore argued that adding permanent seats without equivalent powers would not fully address the imbalance they are seeking to correct.
这留下了两个独立的问题：安理会是否应扩大，以及任何新常任成员国将获得何种权力。
That leaves two separate questions: whether the Council should expand and what powers any new permanent members would receive.
影响力问题 加姆巴里认为，非洲的缺席也影响着安理会的日常工作。“所有在非洲的维和任务都是基于安理会的授权，”他说。
A question of influence Gambari argues that Africa’s absence also affects the Council’s day-to-day work. “All these peacekeeping missions in Africa are based on the mandate of the Security Council,” he said.
“五常自任‘执笔国’，这几乎不给当选的非洲非常任理事国发起影响其地区决议草案的机会。”他说，这种不平衡在安理会访问团在非洲的运作方式中也显而易见。
“The P5 assign themselves the role of penholders, which hardly allows elected non-permanent African countries to initiate draft resolutions affecting their region.” He said the imbalance was also visible in the way Security Council missions operate on the continent.
“如今，甚至连安理会访问非洲的代表团也不是由非洲人领导的。争端各方怎能对这样的团队抱有信心？”他说。
“Even Security Council missions to Africa are not led by Africans nowadays. How can the parties in dispute have confidence in such a team?” he said.
“即便为了安理会的持续相关性，也必须进行改革，让非洲在常任理事国席位中拥有代表。”对于尼日利亚创意工作者兼青年倡导者法沃尔·阿涅齐而言，这关乎谁对影响非洲大陆的决策拥有影响力。
“Even for the Security Council’s continued relevance, it has to be reformed so that Africa can have representatives in the permanent seat category.” For Favour Aniezi, a Nigerian creative and youth advocate, the issue is also about who has influence over decisions affecting the continent.
“除了代表性问题，非洲缺席联合国安理会常任理事国席位，关乎谁的声音能塑造影响该大陆的决策，”她告诉半岛电视台。
“Beyond representation, Africa’s absence from the permanent seats of the UN Security Council is a question of whose voice gets to shape decisions that affect the continent,” she told Al Jazeera.
“作为一名年轻的尼日利亚女性，我认为重要的是，当全球机构讨论我们的挑战时，非洲不仅要在场，更要在决定如何应对这些挑战中发挥实质性作用。我们不应仅仅是坐在桌旁，非洲应拥有能影响桌上局势的有分量的声音。”目前，核心问题依然悬而未决：应增设多少新常任理事国、由哪些非洲国家占据席位、是否赋予否决权，以及现有常任理事国是否会接受这些变革。
“As a young Nigerian woman, I think it matters that Africa is not only present when global institutions discuss our challenges but has a meaningful role in deciding how those challenges are addressed. We should not simply be represented at the table, Africa should have a voice with the weight to influence what happens at it.” For now, the core questions remain unresolved: how many new permanent members there should be, which African countries would take the seats, whether they would receive veto power and whether the existing permanent members would accept the changes.
“只要他们继续坚持这一过时公式，改革就难以实现，”甘巴里说。
“As long as they keep sticking to this anachronistic formula, reforms will be hard to attain,” Gambari said.