埃莱奥诺尔·休斯、迪亚莱伊·罗德里格斯 里约热内卢——在十月总统大选前夕，犯罪问题是巴西民众最关注的议题，各候选人竞相提出最严厉且最有效的方案，以应对这一根深蒂固的问题。
ELÉONORE HUGHES, DIARLEI RODRIGUES RIO DE JANEIRO — Crime is the top concern for Brazilians ahead of October’s presidential election, with candidates competing to offer the toughest — and most effective — approach to the deep-seated problem.
前总统雅伊尔·博索纳罗之子、参议员弗拉维奥·博索纳罗正试图击败现任总统路易斯·伊纳西奥·卢拉·达席尔瓦，他承诺将削弱有组织犯罪对巴西的控制，尤其是在里约热内卢。
Sen. Flávio Bolsonaro, son of ex-President Jair Bolsonaro , is seeking to defeat President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , with a promise to loosen organized crime’s grip on Brazil, particularly in Rio de Janeiro.
去年，里约热内卢发生了有史以来最致命的警察行动，造成超过120人死亡。民调显示，博索纳罗参议员所推崇的强硬政策颇受欢迎。与此同时，卢拉主张联邦政府在打击有组织犯罪中发挥更突出的作用，并加强各政府机构之间的协调。
After Rio’s deadliest-ever police operation last year, in which more than 120 people were killed , polls indicated that the hard-line policies Sen. Bolsonaro touts are popular. Lula, meanwhile, has argued for a more prominent role of the federal government in the fight against organized crime as well as greater coordination between governmental institutions.
然而，尽管政客们相互攻讦，里约热内卢的居民们正在自行设计应对方案，前毒贩开设播客，悲痛的母亲们挺身而出，阻止年轻人被招募。
But while politicians trade barbs, residents in Rio de Janeiro have been designing their own responses, with ex-traffickers launching podcasts and grieving mothers stepping up to stop youth recruitment.
许多居民、社区领袖和专家表示，目前的做法——倾向于警察与犯罪团伙之间的武装对抗——效率低下，且往往导致无差别的生命损失。他们正自行应对犯罪，以弥补这一差距。以下是一些当地举措的概览。
Many residents, community leaders and experts say that the current approach — which favors armed confrontations between police and the groups — is inefficient and often results in indiscriminate loss of life . They’re taking on crime on their own to bridge that gap.
每周一次，一群前毒贩聚集在里约郊外的一间小型录音室里，剖析他们过去的犯罪生活以及嘉宾的经历。他们在YouTube和流媒体平台上播出名为《01幸存者》（01 Sobreviventes）的播客节目。
Here is a look at some local initiatives. Once a week, a group of former drug-traffickers gather in a small recording studio on the outskirts of Rio to dissect their past lives of crime and those of their guests. They air the episodes of 01 Sobreviventes, or 01 Survivors, on YouTube and streaming platforms.
墙上挂着一幅四位创始人咧嘴微笑的画作，播客的标志——一个正在挣脱锁链的麦克风——投射在书桌上方的屏幕上。
A painting of the four founders grinning hangs on the wall, while the podcast’s logo – a microphone breaking a chain – is projected on a screen over the desk.
主持人法比奥·桑托斯说：“我们希望传播这样一个理念：犯罪不值得。”桑托斯今年56岁，来自曼吉纽斯贫民窟，曾是一名毒贩，在监狱中服刑25年。
“We want to propagate the idea that crime isn’t worth it,” said host Fábio Santos, a 56-year-old ex-trafficker from the Manguinhos favela who spent 25 years in prison.
“我们希望他们能以我们现在的生活为榜样，这样他们就不会重蹈我们的覆辙，”他在最近采访了一位现已成为牧师的前帮派成员后补充道。
“We want them to follow our current lives so that they don’t go through what we went through,” he added after recording a recent interview with a former gang member who is now a pastor.
该播客于2024年推出，在Instagram上拥有超过22.5万名关注者。它既是为那些受到快钱诱惑的人准备的，也是为那些需要被说服去改邪归正的人准备的。他们反复强调，犯罪只会导致入狱、坐轮椅或躺进棺材。
The podcast, launched in 2024 and followed by more than 225,000 people on Instagram, is both for those tempted by the allure of quick cash and for those who need convincing to course-correct. Crime leads to prison, a wheelchair or a coffin, they say repeatedly.
桑托斯表示，有几个人告诉他，他们曾看到毒贩在收听这个播客。他还经常听说有人因为他们的工作而脱离了犯罪世界，或者没有踏入歧途。
Santos says several people have said they have seen traffickers listening to the podcast and that he regularly hears about people who left the world of crime or didn’t enter thanks to their work.
38岁的艾伦·杜阿尔特在阿莱芒贫民窟长大，这是去年里约致命警察行动针对的两个大型贫民窟群之一。他失去了兄弟、叔叔和表亲——总共有10位家庭成员死于暴力。
Alan Duarte, 38, grew up in Complexo do Alemao, one of the two sprawling complexes of favelas targeted in Rio’s lethal police operation last year. He lost a brother, uncle and cousins — 10 family members in all — to violence.
他认为，正是附近贫民窟一家提供武术课程的非营利组织对他产生了影响，才使他没有走上危险的道路。这一感悟激励杜阿尔特在他童年居住的社区创办了自己的学院。
He credits the influence of a nonprofit offering martial arts classes in a nearby favela for keeping him from going down a perilous path. That insight inspired Duarte to create his own academy in his childhood neighborhood.
自2014年开办以来，“拥抱冠军”（Abraco Campeao）已经扩展到教授拳击、柔术、泰拳和卡波耶拉，并提供教育讲座。杜阿尔特希望将目前600人的学生容量提高到1000人。
Since opening in 2014, Abraco Campeao, or Embrace Champions, has expanded into teaching boxing, jiu-jitsu, Muay Thai and capoeira, and providing educational talks. Duarte hopes to boost its current 600-student capacity to 1,000.
“我常说，武术和‘拥抱冠军’所提供的，正是吸引年轻人加入帮派的东西：身份认同、尊重、关注、权威和归属感，”杜阿尔特在最近一次参观学校时说道。
“I often say that martial arts, Abraco Campeao, offers the same things that draw youngsters to gangs: identity, respect, attention, authority and a sense of belonging,” Duarte said during a recent tour of the school.
课程、制服和装备都是免费的。在每周三次的课程中，学员们会与教育工作者进行一小时的讨论，主题涵盖从环境问题到人际关系等各个方面。
Classes, uniforms and equipment are free. During one of the thrice-weekly classes, attendees have an hour-long discussion with an educator about themes ranging from environmental issues to relationships.
23岁的业余拳击手梅尔希·埃斯佩兰萨·罗萨里奥已经在该校学习了十多年，目前正在附近的一所大学攻读软件工程。他说，这所学校改变了他的人生。
Mherrhy Esperança Rosário, a 23-year-old amateur boxer who has been part of the school for more than a decade, is studying software engineering at a nearby university. He said the school changed his life.
“‘拥抱冠军’提供了一条与我们在这里常见不同的道路，”他说。“它表明我们可以实现自己的梦想。”当两名持枪男子出现在里约热内卢一处贫民窟的电工课程上，询问是否可以加入时，43岁的万德森·罗查·席尔瓦没有拒绝他们。如今，他们两人都在从事电工工作。
“Abraco Campeao offers a path that is different to what we often see around here,” he said. “It shows that we can attain our dreams.” When two armed men turned up to Vanderson Rocha Silva’s electricity course in a Rio favela asking if they could join, the 43-year-old didn’t turn them away. Today they are both working as electricians.
“如果他们想脱离犯罪，却没有就业机会，没有对生活的希望，他们还能做什么？一个项目能改变一切，”罗查·席尔瓦说。
“If they want to leave crime but they don’t have an employment opportunity, any hopes for life, what are they supposed to do? A project changes everything,” Rocha Silva said. Rocha Silva grew up in an abusive household in the famed City of God favela and was 8 when he entered the world of drug-trafficking.
罗查·席尔瓦在著名的“上帝之城”贫民窟一个充满虐待的家庭中长大，8岁时便踏入了贩毒的世界。
After stints in prison and converting to Evangelical Christianity, he eventually left that life behind and now runs what he calls a therapeutic community, named “R3,” which stands for Rescuing, Resocializing and Resending. The organization offers psychological assistance as well as free electricity, refrigeration and English courses.
在多次入狱并皈依福音派基督教后，他最终摆脱了那种生活，现在经营着他所称的“治疗社区”，名为“R3”，代表“拯救、社会化和重新派遣”。该组织提供心理援助，以及免费的电工、制冷和英语课程。
After stints in prison and converting to Evangelical Christianity, he eventually left that life behind and now runs what he calls a therapeutic community, named “R3,” which stands for Rescuing, Resocializing and Resending. The organization offers psychological assistance as well as free electricity, refrigeration and English courses.
“我正在重新开始我的生活，”37岁的达尼洛·戈麦斯·达·席尔瓦说。他曾经对可卡因上瘾，并参与犯罪组织。他现在有一份建筑维护工作，正在慢慢布置一个小家；一台冰箱正在路上。
“I’m starting my life again,” said Danilo Gomes da Silva, 37, who was once addicted to cocaine and involved in a criminal organization. He now has a job in building maintenance and is slowly furnishing a small home; a fridge is on its way.
“看看这位牧师在没有政府帮助的情况下做了多少事。想象一下他能帮助多少人重新融入社会，”他说。
“Look at all (the pastor) is doing without help from the state. Imagine all the people he could resocialize,” he said.
纳迪亚·多斯·桑托斯的儿子克莱弗森曾运营一个社会项目，向他成长于其中的查帕达奥贫民窟复合区有需要的人分发食物、药品、衣物和其他必需品。2022年，警方在他17岁时将其击毙后，他的母亲将项目的重点专门转向帮助26岁以下的年轻人获得工作和培训。“我们必须让他们摆脱习惯了的犯罪世界，”多斯·桑托斯说。
Nadia dos Santos’ son Cleyverson ran a social project that distributed food, medicine, clothes and other essentials to people in need in the Chapadao complex of favelas where he grew up. After police killed him in 2022 when he was 17, his mother shifted the focus of the project specifically to help youth under 26 get jobs and training. “We have to get them out of the world of criminality where they are used to living,” dos Santos said.
由于资金困难，该项目仍处于早期阶段，仅能举办零星活动。多斯桑托斯计划将她名下的一处房产改造成项目总部，其中一间房将用作电脑室，另一间则作为社区食品中心。
Due to funding challenges, the project is still in its early stages, hosting occasional events. Dos Santos plans on transforming a house she owns into its headquarters, with a room for computers and another for a community food center.
在她近期为纪念儿子而组织的一场活动中，其他痛失子女的母亲们呼吁改变里约热内卢的治安方针。
At a recent event she organized in her son’s memory, other grieving mothers called for a change in the approach to security in Rio.
61岁的玛丽亚·鲁比亚·布里托·达席尔瓦也参加了此次活动，她说她的儿子和孙子曾卷入毒品交易，后来双双遇害。
Maria Rubia Brito da Silva, a 61-year-old who was at the event, said her son and grandson became involved in drug-trafficking and were later killed.
“即使我们的孩子误入歧途，国家也没有权利剥夺他们的生命，”她说。
“Even if our sons become involved in the wrong kind of life, the state doesn’t have a right to take their lives away,” she said.
布里托·达席尔瓦认为，青少年加入帮派是因为缺乏教育、娱乐和就业选择。她说，由于警察的行动，她的孙女几乎无法正常上课。
Brito da Silva blamed the lack of educational, recreational and employment options for youth’s gang involvement. She says her granddaughter hardly has class because of police operations.
“如果这些孩子能有更多机会，我相信他们会离开街头，自信心也会大大提升，”她说。
“If there were opportunities for these children, I’m sure they would leave the streets and their self-esteem would soar,” she said.
“他们将能够过上有尊严的生活，并让我们这些终日生活在失去儿子恐惧中的母亲感到无比自豪。”
“They would be able to lead a dignified life and bring lots of pride to us mothers who live with the fear of losing our sons.”