美国的制裁正将伊朗已衰弱的航空业推向更深层的孤立，使国际旅行变得更加不可预测，并给贸易和货运带来新的风险。
US sanctions are pushing Iran's weakened aviation sector toward deeper isolation making international travel less predictable and raising new risks for trade and cargo.
9月初，作为“经济贱民行动”的一部分，美国财政部针对伊朗航空业实施制裁，目标包括伊朗航空公司以及提供地面服务、售票或机场支持的公司，这些实体面临次级制裁，并可能失去进入美国金融系统的资格。
Earlier in September as part of "operation economic outcast," the US Treasury Department targeted Iran's aviation sector, including Iranian airlines and companies providing ground handling, ticketing or airport support, which face secondary sanctions and potentially lose access to the US financial system.
美国无法直接命令外国机场拒绝伊朗飞机。但次级制裁的威胁会让为伊朗飞机提供服务对机场、燃油供应商和航空公司来说风险过大。
The United States cannot directly order foreign airports to reject Iranian aircraft. But the threat of secondary sanctions can make servicing them too risky for airports, fuel suppliers and aviation companies.
对德黑兰而言，航空制裁是华盛顿更广泛施压行动的又一层叠加，此外还有对银行、航运、保险和贸易的限制。
For Tehran, the aviation sanctions are another layer of Washington's broader pressure campaign alongside restrictions on banking, shipping, insurance and trade.
华盛顿辩称，伊朗航空公司不仅服务于民用乘客，还服务于军事和安全网络。
Washington argues that Iranian airlines have served not only civilian passengers but also military and security networks.
例如，马汉航空被指控支持伊斯兰革命卫队（IRGC），并协助运输人员和装备。
For example, Mahan Air has been accused of supporting the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and helping transport personnel and equipment.
这一问题在伊朗国内也引发了辩论。前外交部长穆罕默德·贾瓦德·扎里夫在2021年的一次采访中表示，卡西姆·苏莱马尼曾利用民用飞机将部队和装备运往叙利亚。
The issue has also been debated inside Iran. Former Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif said in a 2021 interview that Qassem Soleimani had used civilian aircraft to move forces and equipment to Syria.
对华盛顿而言，此类关联有助于为针对航空网络的制裁提供理由。但对普通旅客来说，直接后果却是航班取消，出入境途径减少。
For Washington, such links help justify targeting aviation networks. For ordinary travelers, however, the immediate result is canceled flights and fewer ways to leave or return to the country.
主要中东航线取消：伊朗飞往巴格达和马斯喀特的航班已暂停或取消，阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚也停止接受伊朗航空公司运营的航班。一家伊朗旅行社出于安全原因匿名向德国之声表示，飞往阿曼、伊拉克、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚的航线已严重受阻。
Major Middle East routes canceled Iranian flights to Baghdad and Muscat have been suspended or canceled, while Azerbaijan and Georgia also stopped accepting flights operated by Iranian carriers. An Iranian travel agency told DW anonymously for safety reasons that routes to Oman, Iraq, Azerbaijan and Georgia have been seriously disrupted.
9月24日，土库曼斯坦拒绝了一架从德黑兰飞往杜尚别的伊朗飞机通过其领空，迫使该航班返回伊朗。
On September 24, Turkmenistan refused permission for an Iranian aircraft flying from Tehran to Dushanbe to cross its airspace, forcing the plane to return to Iran.
该机构表示，土耳其、亚美尼亚和中国尚未宣布全面限制，但乘客越来越不愿购买机票，因为即使预订已确认，也无法保证航班起飞。伊朗将沦为经济贱民吗？
Turkey, Armenia and China have not announced blanket restrictions, the agency said, but passengers were increasingly reluctant to buy tickets because even a confirmed booking did not guarantee departure. Is Iran set to become an economic outcast?
要观看此视频，请考虑升级至支持HTML5视频的网络浏览器 一名乘客告诉德国之声，代理机构仍会向他出售机票，但无法保证航班实际运行。
To view this video , and consider upgrading to a web browser that supports HTML5 video A passenger told DW that agencies would still sell him a ticket but could not guarantee the flight would actually operate.
作为制裁方案的一部分，美国还暂停了“J-1”一般许可证，该许可证曾允许某些非伊朗飞机在特定条件下在伊朗临时停留，条件包括飞机控制权仍掌握在外国运营商手中，且停留时间不超过允许限度。
As part of the sanctions package, the US also suspended the "J-1" general license, which had allowed certain non-Iranian aircraft to make temporary stops in Iran under specific conditions, including that control of the aircraft remained with the foreign operator and that the stay did not exceed permitted limits.
许多商用飞机包含美国制造的零部件或技术，这意味着涉及伊朗的运营可能受美国制裁规则管辖。
Many commercial aircraft contain US-made parts or technology, meaning operations involving Iran can fall under US sanctions rules.
J-1许可证的暂停增加了航空公司、机场、燃油供应商、地面服务公司及其他服务提供商的法律和财务风险，他们现在必须评估次级制裁的风险。
The suspension of J-1 has increased the legal and financial risks for airlines, airports, fuel suppliers, ground-handling companies and other service providers, who now must calculate the risk of secondary sanctions.
更多旅客改走陆路 随着空中联系日益不确定，更多乘客转向陆路口岸。
More travelers use land crossings With air connections increasingly uncertain, more passengers are turning to land crossings.
一名航班被取消的旅客告诉德国之声，他经陆路从伊朗前往土耳其，再从那里乘飞机前往伊斯坦布尔。
One traveler whose flight was canceled told DW that he traveled overland from Iran to Turkey before continuing to Istanbul by air.
“边境非常拥挤。很多人试图离开，因为他们担心路线可能会关闭，”他匿名告诉德国之声。
"The border was very crowded. A lot of people were trying to leave because they were worried the routes might close," he told DW anonymously.
对于家庭、老年乘客、学生和患者而言，跨越陆地边境并继续通过公路和航空出行，可能比乘坐直飞航班困难得多。随着乘客需增加公路运输、住宿和额外航班，而此前仅需一张机票即可完成的行程，成本也随之迅速上升。
For families, elderly passengers, students and patients, however, crossing a land border and continuing by road and air can be far more difficult than taking a direct flight. Costs also rise quickly as passengers add road transport, accommodation and additional flights to journeys that previously required a single ticket.
空运同样受到影响，这对紧急或敏感货物至关重要，包括部分药品、医疗设备、工业零件和实验室样本。随着伊朗同时面临严重的海运贸易限制，这一问题变得更加显著。
Also affected is air freight, which is important for urgent or sensitive goods, including some medicines, medical equipment, industrial parts and laboratory samples. That has become more significant as Iran simultaneously faces severe restrictions on maritime trade.
伊朗动荡的航空业 伊朗航空业在最新制裁实施前，已面临结构性问题。
Iran's shaky aviation industry Iranian aviation already faced structural problems before the latest sanctions.
交通部长法尔扎内·萨德格此前承认，部分航班在无雷达引导下运行，导致飞行员承担更大的导航责任。
Transport Minister Farzaneh Sadegh previously acknowledged that some flights operate without radar guidance, leaving pilots with greater responsibility for navigation.
机队老化、难以获取备件、多年制裁以及可运营飞机减少，均给航空公司带来压力。
An ageing fleet, difficulties obtaining spare parts, years of sanctions and fewer operational aircraft have all put pressure on airlines.
当乘客还必须考虑目的地机场拒绝提供服务、漫长延误或航班无预警取消等因素时，购票便成为一种风险计算。
When passengers must also consider destination airports refusing services, lengthy delays or flights being canceled without warning, buying a ticket becomes a calculation of risk.
政治经济分析师、伦敦智库“中东分析”董事总经理阿里礼萨·萨拉瓦蒂表示，失去空中联系不太可能对伊朗国内生产总值（GDP）造成巨大的即时冲击。
Alireza Salavati, political economy analyst and managing director of the London-based Middle East Analytica, said that the loss of air links will be unlikely to cause a large, immediate hit to Iran's GDP.
萨拉瓦蒂对德国之声表示：“按区域标准衡量，伊朗航空业规模较小。与土耳其或阿联酋不同，伊朗并非主要国际枢纽，其商业机队也有限。官方于7月表示，运营机池约有150架飞机，但任何给定时间仅约一半处于运营状态。”
"Iran's aviation sector is small by regional standards. Unlike Turkey or the UAE, the country is not a major international hub, and its commercial fleet is limited. Officials said in July that roughly 150 aircraft were in the operational pool, with only about half of them operational at any given time," Salavati told DW.
在连通性方面，损害更为明显。对于一个受到严厉制裁的经济体而言，航班对商务、侨民、学生、专业工作者以及海外就医仍至关重要。对患者来说，原本直达的行程可能变成绕道第三国，增加额外的交通、住宿，有时还有签证费用。萨拉瓦蒂补充道：“时间可能和金钱一样重要。”
"The damage is more apparent in connectivity. For a heavily sanctioned economy, flights still matter for business, the diaspora, students, specialist workers and medical treatment abroad. For patients, a once-direct journey can become a detour through a third country, with extra travel, accommodation and sometimes visa costs. Time can matter as much as money," Salavati added.
伊朗提出在7天内重新开放霍尔木兹海峡的计划 伊朗在空中和海上遭到孤立 外国航空公司在最新措施出台前已大幅削减飞往伊朗的航班。
Iran offers plan to reopen Strait of Hormuz within 7 days Iran isolated by air and sea Foreign airlines had already sharply reduced services to Iran before the latest measures.
许多乘客依赖伊朗航空公司飞往伊斯坦布尔、马斯喀特、巴格达或埃里温等地区枢纽，再转乘外国航空公司航班。
Many passengers relied on Iranian carriers to reach regional hubs such as Istanbul, Muscat, Baghdad or Yerevan, then continued with foreign airlines.
如果这些首程航线消失，伊朗的国际航空网络可能会日益缩减为少数仍具政治和商业可行性的航线。这一事态发展之际，伊朗在海上面临限制。
If those first connections disappear, Iran's international aviation network could increasingly be reduced to a handful of routes that remain politically and commercially viable. The development also comes as Iran faces restrictions at sea.
霍尔木兹海峡周边的动荡、更高的保险和运费成本以及南部港口的压力，早已让进出口变得更加困难。
Disruption around the Strait of Hormuz higher insurance and freight costs and pressure on southern ports had already made imports and exports more difficult.
如果海上贸易变得更昂贵，而空中联系也随之收缩，伊朗将越来越依赖陆地边境和通过邻国的间接路线。伊朗能否挺过特朗普的新制裁？编辑：韦斯利·拉恩
If maritime trade becomes more expensive while air links also contract, Iran will become increasingly dependent on land borders and indirect routes through neighboring states. Can Iran survive Trump's new sanctions? Edited by: Wesley Rahn