一些人正辞去办公室工作，转而从事教育、医疗和技工行业。但转向这些新职业也可能意味着取舍。
Some people are abandoning office jobs for teaching, health care and the trades. But switching to the new paths can come with trade-offs.
在看到自己可能如此轻易被替代后，这是他在2024年5月毕业前几个月改变职业方向的原因之一。他没有去寻求市场营销领域的职位，而是报名参加了“为美国教学”项目。如今，他已在纽约市一所特许学校给三年级学生教书，进入任教的第三个学年。
Seeing how easily he might be replaced was one reason he changed direction a few months before graduating in May 2024. Instead of pursuing marketing jobs, he signed up for Teach for America. He’s in his third year in front of a third-grade classroom at a charter school in New York City.
他很享受这份工作。这份工作需要与学生建立信任，了解他们的个人需求，并帮助他们相信自己。“诸如此类的事情无法自动化，”他说。
He’s enjoying the work, which requires building trust with students, understanding their individual needs and helping them believe in themselves. “Stuff like that cannot be automated,” he said.
随着人工智能可能颠覆白领就业市场，一些年轻职场人和像戴维斯这样的应届毕业生正在重新考虑自己的职业道路。在某些情况下，他们会放弃计算机科学专业，改学其他大学专业；或者探索电工等动手型技术工作，以及护理、教学等与人打交道的职业。
As artificial intelligence threatens to upend the white-collar job market, some young workers and recent graduates like Davis are reconsidering their career paths. They are, in some cases, leaving computer science studies for other college majors, or exploring a hands-on trade like electrical work, or a human-facing career, such as nursing or teaching.
对高等教育领域的创新感兴趣？欢迎订阅我们的免费双周刊高等教育通讯。researchers对于有多少劳动者或学生因人工智能而重新规划职业或学业，所掌握的信息很少，但最近的一项调查提供了一些线索。
Interested in innovations in higher education? to our free biweekly higher education newsletter Researchers have produced scant information on how many workers or students are retooling because of AI, but a recent survey gives clues.
皮尤研究中心8月发布的一项调查显示，73%的30岁以下成年人表示，人工智能会导致就业岗位减少，而两年前这一比例为61%。
In a Pew Research Center poll released in August, 73 percent of adults under the age of 30 said AI would lead to fewer jobs, up from 61 percent two years ago.
年轻职场人的担忧并非没有道理。斯坦福数字经济实验室数据显示，从2022年11月至2026年6月，22至25岁、从事人工智能暴露程度最高职业的人——如客服代表和软件开发人员——就业人数下降了19%；相比之下，从事人工智能暴露程度最低职业的人，如护理助理和维修保养人员，就业规模没有出现同等幅度的下降。即使在控制了可能解释这一差距的行业或企业特定因素后，例如利率变化对部分企业造成的更大冲击，这一差距依然存在。
Younger workers aren’t wrong to worry. From November 2022 to June 2026, those ages 22 to 25 in the most AI-exposed jobs, such as customer service representatives and software developers, saw a 19 percent decline in employment compared with those in the least-exposed jobs, like nurses’ aides and maintenance and repair workers, according to the Stanford Digital Economy Lab. That gap held even after controlling for industry- or firm-specific factors that might otherwise explain it, like changes in interest rates that hit some companies harder.
不过，一些经济学家质疑，企业将许多裁员归咎于人工智能，但这些裁员或许只是为了在新冠疫情期间过度招聘后缩减人手。
Still, some economists question whether many of the layoffs that companies blame on AI are efforts to downsize after over-hiring during the coronavirus pandemic.
与此同时，据非营利教育组织美国全国学生信息清算中心的数据，计算机科学专业的入学人数正在下降，而医疗卫生相关专业的入学人数则不断上升，尽管人工智能并非唯一原因。
Meanwhile, enrollment in computer science programs is falling while it’s rising in the health professions, according to the National Student Clearinghouse a nonprofit education group, though AI isn’t solely responsible.
联邦数据显示，24岁及以下、注册参加学徒培训的人数从2022年至2024年增长了20%。这类培训将课堂学习与在职实践相结合。
The number of those 24 and younger enrolled ined apprenticeships, which combine classroom learning with on-the-job experience, rose 20 percent from 2022 to 2024, federal data shows.
倡导技工职业的人士有力地说明了学徒培训以及其他进入实操岗位的路径的优势。数据中心、太阳能设施和新住房的建设需求，加上大批年长蓝领技工陆续退休，使社会对熟练劳动力的需求不断上升。据美国劳工统计局的数据，电工、暖通空调技师和安装工以及屋顶工 的就业增幅是所有职业平均水平的两倍或三倍。 carpenter? 木工和汽车维修技师的就业增长也高于平均水平。
Those who promote the trades make a strong case for apprenticeships and other routes into hands-on jobs. The demand to build data centers, solar installations and new housing — along with the wave of retiring older blue-collar tradespeople — is fueling ever more need for skilled labor. Job growth for electricians HVAC mechanics and installers, and roofers is double or triple the average for all professions, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Growth for carpenters and auto repair technicians is above average, too.
所有这些因素，再加上人们对人工智能相关裁员的担忧，帮助技工学校向白领 workers 推介职业培训。一家推广技工职业的非营利基金会称，这些是“不易被人工智能取代、年薪六位数的职业”。因此，在2025年夏天，他报名参加了罗斯代尔的汽车技术课程。在此之前，他从未在车底工作过。但他将在今年11月毕业，而且他听职业博览会上的雇主说，找工作不会有任何问题。他每天都要把手伸进狭窄的空间，凭触觉转动和拧紧零件——至少在他看来，这些任务不是机器人在未来20年内能够完成的。
All of that combined with fears about AI-related layoffs helps trade schools make their pitch to white-collar workers. One nonprofit foundation promoting the trades calls them “AI-proof six-figure jobs.”So in the summer of 2025, he enrolled in Rosedale’s automotive technology program. Before then, he had never spent time under a car. But he will graduate this November, and he’s heard from employers at career fairs that he will have no trouble finding a job. He spends his days snaking hands into narrow spaces, rotating and tightening parts by feel — not the sort of tasks he thinks a robot could do, at least not in the next 20 years.
“我从没想过自己会从软件开发转行，但事实就是这样。”布罗夫说。
“I never thought I’d be changing from software development, but here I am,” said Brough.
但在她最近的两份工作中——先是在一家维生素商店，随后在一家在线手表零售商——她眼看着自己的职责被一点点削减，先是受到自助结账系统的影响，后来又受到人工智能聊天机器人的影响。两次公司都进行了裁员，她也被解雇了。
But in her last two jobs, at a vitamin store and then an online watch retailer, she saw her tasks get whittled away, first by self-checkouts and then AI-powered chatbots. In both cases, the companies downsized and she was laid off.
为了让自己不受自动化影响，阿切维多加入了工会——美国电气、无线电和机器工人联合会第363-A分会，开始接受工业建筑电工培训。她目前正在进行一项为期六年的学徒培训，刚满第二年，时薪约为23美元，此外还享有完整福利，包括由雇主缴纳的医疗保险和养老金。纽约市地区电工的薪资中位数为每小时38美元，不过根据该州的法定工资标准，公共工程项目的电工时薪为64至126美元。
Looking to insulate herself from automation, Acevedo started an apprenticeship with a union, UEWA Local 363-A, training to become an industrial construction electrician. She’s in her second year of a six-year apprenticeship and makes about $23 an hour plus full benefits including employer-funded health insurance and a pension. Median pay for electricians in the New York City area is $38 an hour, though the rate on public works projects ranges from $64 to $126 an hour under the state’s prevailing wage law.
阿切维多必须在早上5点30分前到达工地，这意味着她3点就得起床。她还要搬动75磅重的电线卷和设备部件。“说实话，这一切都有些辛苦，”她谈到适应这种体力负担时说道。
Acevedo has to be at her jobsite by 5:30 a.m., which means getting up at 3 a.m. And she’s lifting 75-pound spools of wire and pieces of equipment. “I’ll be honest, all of it was kind of rough,” she said of getting used to the physical toll.
一些学校已迅速采取行动，帮助学生适应新变化。从今年秋季开始，普渡大学实施“人工智能工作能力”毕业要求，规定大多数本科生必须证明自己熟练掌握与所学专业相关的最新人工智能工具。麻省理工学院和布法兰大学等其他院校则开始开设相关学位，既可以单独作为专业，也可以与其他学科结合，帮助学生做好使用人工智能的准备。
A few schools have scrambled to help students adapt. Starting this fall, Purdue University has an “AI working competency” graduation mandate requiring that most undergraduates demonstrate mastery of the latest AI tools relevant to their majors. Others, like the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the University at Buffalo, now offer degrees designed to prepare students to use AI, either as stand-alone majors or in combination with other disciplines.
至于劳动者，一些专家表示，不应让他们独自应对人工智能导致的失业。拜登政府前官员雅各布·莱本卢夫特在今年3月发表的一篇论文中指出，一种熟悉的局面——经济整体受益，但大量劳动者失去工作——正是自由贸易所造成的结果。他和其他人希望推出一项新的联邦资助项目，为因人工智能裁员而受影响的工作者提供再培训并给予补偿。
As for workers, some experts say they shouldn’t be left on their own to deal with AI-driven job losses. Former Biden official Jacob Leibenluft argued in a March paper that a familiar dynamic — gains for the economy as a whole but swaths of workers losing their jobs — is just what played out with free trade He and others want a new federally funded program that retrains and compensates workers affected by AI layoffs.
今年1月，美国劳工联合会-产业工会联合会（AFL-CIO）主席莉兹·舒勒（Liz Shuler）在世界经济论坛的精英听众面前发出警告称，如果企业利用人工智能来“降低技能要求、去人性化、取代工人，也就是让人们流落街头且前途无望”，将会引发“一场革命”。此后，几家大型人工智能公司纷纷提出了各自的员工保护方案。
In January, AFL-CIO President Liz Shuler warned an elite World Economic Forum audience that companies using AI to “de-skill, dehumanize, replace workers, you know, put people out on the street with no path forward” would trigger “a revolution.”The biggest AI companies have since floated their own worker-protection proposals.
今年，OpenAI呼吁建立更强大的联邦安全网计划、可携带式医疗保险和退休福利等。Anthropic的首席执行官则提议为受人工智能影响的裁员提供工资保险、为留用员工的雇主提供税收激励、以及提供培训补助和就业安置帮助。
This year, OpenAI called for stronger federal safety net programs, portable health insurance and retirement benefits, and more. Anthropic’s CEO proposed wage insurance for AI-related layoffs, tax incentives for employers who retain workers, training grants and job placement help.
在华盛顿，这些提议几乎都没有被提上议程。今年6月，特朗普政府宣布了一项5000万美元的拨款计划，用于对流离失所的工人进行普遍再培训，而非专门针对被人工智能取代的工人。
Little of that is on the table in Washington. In June, the Trump administration announced a $50 million grant program for retraining displaced workers generally — not those specifically displaced by AI.
两位美国参议员曾推动采取更多措施。民主党人马克·凯利（Mark Kelly，亚利桑那州）提议设立一个由人工智能公司收入资助的联邦信托基金，用于再培训项目和扩大福利。参议员伯尼·桑德斯（Bernie Sanders，佛蒙特州独立人士）提议对利用人工智能裁员的公司征收消费税，所得款项用于救助失业工人。这两项提议目前仍处于构想阶段，尚未形成法案。
Two U.S. senators have pushed for more. Democrat Mark Kelly (Arizona) proposed a federal trust fund, financed by AI company revenue, for reskilling programs and expanded benefits. Sen. Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont) proposed an excise tax on companies using AI to push people out of jobs, with proceeds going to displaced workers. Both remain proposals, not bills.
在缺乏政府举措的情况下，再培训工作大多只能靠个人摸索，工人们只能尽其所能做出选择，并希望自己押对了宝。对阿塞韦多（Acevedo）来说，这意味着她接受了电工学徒工作早起和体力劳动的要求，以此作为交换，换取一份她相信在20年后依然存在的薪水。“我觉得我能看到我的职业生涯走向何方，”她说。
Absent government initiatives, retraining is mostly unfolding one person at a time, as workers make their best bet and hope they guess right. For Acevedo, that has meant accepting the early start to her workday as an electrician apprentice and the physical demands as a trade-off for a paycheck she believes will still be there in 20 years. “I feel like I can see where my career is going,” she said.
这篇关于“人工智能免疫”工作的报道由非营利性独立新闻机构“赫钦格报告”（The Hechinger Report）制作，该机构专注于教育领域的不平等与创新。
This story about AI-proof jobs was produced by The Hechinger Report a nonprofit, independent news organization focused on inequality and innovation in education.