在乘客与一名受伤的飞行员联手阻止阿联酋航空公司FZ 1073航班坠毁的事件之后，飞机的驾驶舱安全措施将再次受到严格审查。
Cockpit security on planes will come under renewed scrutiny after passengers and one wounded pilot joined forces to prevent flydubai flight FZ 1073 from crashing.
这架从迪拜飞往特拉维夫的航班上载有170多名乘客，其中大部分是以色列人。一些人认为，这次事件成功避免了“以色列版的9·11恐怖袭击”。然而，针对25年前美国发生的恐怖劫机事件后对飞机设计所做的改进（即允许飞行员从内部锁定驾驶舱门）在专家们之间引发了分歧。
With more than 170 people, mostly Israeli, on board the jet heading from Dubai to Tel Aviv, some have spoken of averting “Israel’s 9/11”. However, the changes made to plane design after the terrorist hijackings in the US a quarter of a century ago, locking cockpit doors from the inside, have divided expert opinion.
周三发生的这起悲剧性事件——其中一名飞行员刺伤了另一名飞行员并试图操控飞机坠毁——再次引发了关于“最大威胁究竟来自何处”的讨论。
Wednesday’s traumatic events, where one pilot stabbed another and apparently tried to crash the plane, again raises the question of where the biggest threat lies.
国际航空安全专家菲利普·鲍姆指出：“自9·11事件以来，商业航班因‘飞机辅助自杀式袭击’而造成的死亡人数，实际上比因恐怖主义袭击造成的死亡人数还要多。”他解释说：“在大多数这类事件中，问题出在我们将驾驶舱设计成了‘坚不可摧的堡垒’，导致那些试图破坏这种安全系统的‘好人’（通常是试图控制飞机内部的飞行员）无法成功进入驾驶舱。”
“We have as an industry lost more lives on commercial aircraft as a result of aircraft-assisted suicide since 9/11 than we have due to terrorism,” says Philip Baum, an international aviation security expert.
在阿联酋航空公司的这起事件中，尽管机长史密斯·马查尔遭到袭击，但他仍成功抵抗了袭击者（这名未具名的阿曼籍副驾驶）。更重要的是，他通过确保舱门可以被强行打开，从而让外界援助人员得以进入驾驶舱。
“And in most of those cases, it was because we had created a fortress that could not be broken into by the good guys who were outside the flight deck to neutralise the rogue individuals – usually pilots inside the cockpit.”On the flydubai flight, despite being stabbed, the captain Smit Machchhar managed to resist his attacker, the unnamed Omani co-pilot. Crucially, he was also able to ensure help reached him from the cabin by making sure the doors could be breached.
根据安全规定，通常需要两名飞行员同时在驾驶舱内值班——这一规定主要是为了应对飞行员生病或行为失控的情况。自9·11事件以来，商业飞机的驾驶舱门都被设置了锁具，且钥匙由飞行员保管。虽然机组人员拥有紧急情况下使用的密码，但飞行员仍有权拒绝任何未经授权的进入尝试。这种设计初衷就是为了防范劫机事件的发生。
Two pilots are normally required on deck under safety rules – primarily discussed for if one gets sick, rather than goes rogue. Since 9/11, commercial aircraft have also had locked doors in place where the pilot effectively holds the key. The configuration of locks can vary and while crew have access codes for emergencies, the pilot can normally override attempts to gain access – a system designed with hijackers in mind.
2015年德国之翼航空4U9525号班机坠毁事件，或许直到本周之前，都是对这一危险最无可辩驳的证明：机长被锁在驾驶舱外，一名有自杀倾向的副驾驶蓄意将飞机撞向阿尔卑斯山，造成150人死亡。
The crash of GermanWings flight 4U9525 in 2015 was, perhaps until this week, the most incontrovertible demonstration of the danger it posed: the captain locked out by a suicidal co-pilot who deliberately crashed the plane in the Alps, killing 150 people.
此前曾发生2013年莫桑比克航空公司坠机事件，规模较小且鲜少被报道，造成33人死亡，调查人员判定为机长自杀，副驾驶疑似被锁在驾驶舱外。
It had been preceded by a smaller and less reported Mozambique Airlines plane crash in 2013, killing 33, that was judged by investigators to have been suicide by pilot, with the co-pilot apparently locked out.
关于飞行员意图在成因尚未证实的重大空难中所扮演的角色，仍存疑问——最著名的莫过于马来西亚航空MH370航班之谜，以及2025年印度航空阿默达巴德坠机事件，或2022年中国东方航空坠机事件。
Questions also remain over the role of pilot intent in major disasters whose causes have yet to be proved – not least the mystery of Malaysia Airilnes flight MH370, as well as the Air India crash in Ahmedabad in 2025, or China Eastern in 2022.
即便没有恶意，在“飞行员丧失行为能力”事件中，如心脏病发作，驾驶舱门也可能被打开。2024年，一架汉莎航空客机在西班牙上空无人驾驶飞行了10分钟，事因机长去洗手间，副驾驶晕倒，导致机长被锁在驾驶舱外。
Without malign intent, doors can be opened in incidents of “pilot incapacitation”, such as heart attacks. A Lufthansa plane flew for 10 minutes over Spain in 2024 with no one at the controls when the captain went to the bathroom and was locked out of the cabin after the co-pilot blacked out.
机长通过紧急进入门代码进入驾驶舱降落飞机——但如果是有意识的攻击者，本可以阻止该请求。
The captain reached the deck to land the plane using an emergency entry door code – but a conscious attacker could have blocked the request.
鲍姆认为，权衡风险后，驾驶舱门需要某种覆盖系统——无论是定时的，还是来自地面的。但维护安全要在驾驶舱门之前就开始：“首要方法是确保受雇人员经过广泛的背景审查、体检、心理评估——且这一过程不应在入职后停止。”鉴于最新袭击事件中阿曼籍副驾驶的动机仍未明朗，以色列正推出措施加强对飞行员的背景筛查，迪拜航空已取消后续特拉维夫航班，英国部长们表示将“着手研究”飞往以色列航班的安全性。
On the balance of risks, Baum argues, there needs to be some kind of override system for the cockpit doors – whether timed, or from the ground. But preserving security begins well before the cockpit doors: ‘The primary method is to ensure that the people that you are employing have gone through extensive background checks, gone through medicals, psychological appraisals – and that that process doesn’t stop once employment commences.”With the motives of the Omani co-pilot in the latest attack still as yet unknown, Israel is introducing measures to do greater background screening of pilots, while flydubai has cancelled further Tel Aviv flights, and British ministers have said they will “be looking at” the safety of flights to Israel.
飞行员可能不愿执飞接受更严格安检的航线——或者确实正式承认心理健康问题，这比激进化构成更常见的威胁。
Pilots may be reluctant to fly routes where they undergo greater screening – or indeed officially admit to mental health issues, a much more common threat than radicalisation.
英国飞行员工会Balpa表示，将“警告不要过早猜测，并敦促各方允许有关部门在不受干扰的情况下进行调查”。
The UK pilots’ union Balpa said it would “caution against premature speculation and urge all parties to allow the relevant authorities to investigate without interference”.
副驾驶行为的全部事实尚未查明，但鲍姆表示：“无论昨天发生了什么，我们知道如果存在叛变飞行员，驾驶舱门会阻碍营救尝试。”
The full facts of the co-pilot’s actions are yet to be established, but, says Baum: “Whatever happened yesterday, we know that that cockpit barrier can impede a rescue attempt if there are rogue pilots.”