华盛顿——下周，当美国最高法院的大法官们重新开始为期九个月的新任期时，唐纳德·特朗普总统的严厉批评或许仍会在他们耳边回响。在上一任期的最后几个月以及夏季休庭期间，这个由三名特朗普任命的大法官组成的保守派占多数的法庭，在一些特朗普极为重视的议题上做出了与他立场相悖的裁决。大法官们否决了特朗普提出的全面征收关税计划，叫停了他限制出生地公民权的方案，阻止了他解雇美联储成员的企图，还驳回了他试图在今年秋季选举前掌控邮寄选票流程的企图。
WASHINGTON — President Donald Trump’s harsh criticisms may still be ringing in the ears of Supreme Court justices when they return to the bench for a new nine-month term next week. In the final months of its previous term and over its summer break, the conservative-majority court, which includes three Trump appointees, ruled against Trump on some of the issues he holds most dear. The justices blocked his sweeping tariffs, ended his plan to curb birthright citizenship, prevented him from firing a member of the Federal Reserve and blocked his plan to exert control over mail-in ballots ahead of this fall’s election.
在邮寄选票裁决公布后，特朗普在Truth Social社交平台上称，最高法院“让我们的国家失望了”。他还表示，自己亲手任命的尼尔·戈萨奇、布雷特·卡瓦诺以及艾米·康尼·巴雷特这几位大法官“已不复从前的模样”。在周四发表于《时代》杂志的采访中，总统也发表了类似言论：“我给了他们终身任职的职位，可他们却频频投票反对我。”
The Supreme Court has “let our country down,” Trump said in a Truth Social post after the mail-in ballots ruling. The very justices he appointed — Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh and Amy Coney Barrett — are “a shell of their previous selves,” he added. The president made similar claims in a Time magazine interview published Thursday, saying: “I gave them the position of a lifetime, and they vote against me often.”
未来几个月，当特朗普施政议程中的关键事项被提交至最高法院审理时，他仍迫切需要大法官们的支持，尤其是那些与他强硬的移民政策相关的多起案件。此外，最高法院还可能就特朗普政府禁止跨性别者服役的禁令作出裁决，此前大法官们已允许该禁令生效。目前，特朗普试图推翻作家E·琼·卡罗尔提起的诽谤诉讼判决的努力也仍在上诉程序中；卡罗尔指控特朗普性侵。今年6月，最高法院已驳回了特朗普就卡罗尔胜诉的另一起案件所提起的上诉。
The president still desperately needs justices’ votes when key parts of his agenda come before the court in the coming months, in particular multiple cases arising from his hard-line immigration crackdown. The court could also weigh in on his administration’s ban on transgender people in the military, which the justices in a previous decision allowed to go into effect. Another appeal is pending in Trump’s effort to overturn a defamation verdict against him in a case brought by writer E. Jean Carroll, who accused him of sexual abuse. The court in June rejected an earlier Trump appeal concerning a separate case that Carroll won.
特朗普对法院的抱怨掩盖了一个事实：他的政府其实取得了诸多胜利，尤其是在通过所谓的“快速审理程序”提交给法院的紧急案件方面。法院的临时裁决使得政府在诉讼仍在进行之际，得以推进移民执法措施、联邦政府架构调整，甚至在白宫内修建舞厅。白宫发言人劳伦·比斯在一份声明中表示，总体而言“政府各项政策均被认定合法”。她补充道：“特朗普总统将坚定不移地推行其竞选时承诺的‘美国优先’议程。”
Trump’s complaints about the court mask the fact that the administration has had plenty of wins, in particular in emergency cases that reach the court via what is known colloquially as the “shadow docket.”The court’s interim rulings have allowed the administration to move forward with immigration enforcement, restructuring of the federal government and even construction of a ballroom at the White House in emergency rulings while litigation continues. Lauren Bis, a White House spokesperson, said in a statement that overall “the administration’s policies have been consistently upheld as lawful.”“President Trump will not stop implementing the America First agenda that he was elected on,” she added.
本周一，最高法院将正式开启新一季度的审理工作，并恢复口头辩论。首个审理的重大案件涉及各市县是否有权因气候变化影响起诉石油公司。那些经常在法庭上挑战特朗普政策的团体对本季度的前景充满期待，他们认为这些胜诉案例表明：即便最高法院目前由6名保守派大法官和3名自由派大法官组成，也绝非只会无条件支持总统的意志。
The court resumes oral arguments Monday as it formally opens the new session, which runs until June, by hearing a major case about whether cities and counties can sue oil companies for the impacts of climate change. Those who regularly challenge Trump policies in court say their recent wins have them hopeful about this term, showing that even though the court has a 6-3 conservative majority, it is not a rubber stamp for the president.
“即便面对这样的法院，总统也不能为所欲为、越界行事，”多次代表公众挑战特朗普政策的‘民主捍卫者基金’联合创始人诺姆·艾森指出。他补充道，例如，大法官们绝不会“允许特朗普擅自干预邮寄投票程序”。美国公民自由联盟全国法律事务主任塞西莉亚·王也对法院近期的部分裁决感到欣慰：“我认为法院已证明自己愿意遏制特朗普政府的过度行为，这让我们对本季度的斗争充满信心。”
“Even with this court, you can go too far beyond the bounds,” said Norm Eisen, co-founder of Democracy Defenders Fund, which has challenged Trump on multiple fronts. The justices would not, for example, “allow Trump to hijack mail-in voting,” he added. Cecillia Wang, national legal director of the American Civil Liberties Union, was similarly relieved by some of the court’s recent decisions. “I think the court has proved it is willing to stand up to the Trump administration’s excesses. And that gives us confidence going into this term,” she said.
目前，特朗普移民政策中的两项核心举措也已进入最高法院的审议程序。其中一项涉及政府试图将那些无法遣返回原籍国的移民遣送至与其毫无关联的“第三国”的举措。
Two key parts of Trump’s immigration policy are already lined up for Supreme Court review. In one, the justices will consider the administration’s ongoing efforts to deport immigrants to “third countries” they have no previous connection to if they cannot be returned to their home nations.
最高法院已经两次批准该政策实施，这表明政府很有可能胜诉。另一桩案件涉及政府试图无限期拘留数千名正在接受驱逐程序的移民——这一做法与以往各届政府截然不同，后者通常会在案件审理期间释放这些移民。预计还有更多与特朗普相关的案件会在明年夏季前被列入审理议程，目前已有数起上诉案件正在等待裁决。
The Supreme Court already allowed the policy to go ahead twice, suggesting the administration has a good chance of prevailing. The other case concerns the administration’s attempt to detain indefinitely thousands of people in deportation proceedings, a break from previous administrations, which would release those immigrants while their cases were adjudicated. Other Trump-related cases are likely to be added to the docket in time to be ruled on by next summer, with several appeals already pending.
其中就包括一起可能具有重大影响的移民案件：特朗普政府曾下令暂停受理美墨边境的庇护申请。下级法院曾裁定政府此举违法，但该政策目前仍继续执行。曾在特朗普第一任期内在白宫任职、现任职于乔治梅森大学安东宁·斯卡利亚法学院的罗伯特·卢瑟三世指出，与上一任期类似，此次法院审理的重点仍将集中在特朗普对行政权力的宽泛解读上。
Among them is another potentially significant immigration case arising from the Trump administration’s shutdown of asylum claims at the U.S.-Mexico border. Lower courts ruled against the administration, although the policy currently remains in effect. Robert Luther III, who served in the White House during the first Trump term and is now a professor at Antonin Scalia Law School at George Mason University, said that, as with the previous term, much of the focus will be on Trump’s broad interpretation of executive power.
“他向来主张对行政权力作宽泛解释。法院与这一立场之间的关系仍在不断发展变化中。有些案件他胜诉了，有些则败诉了，”他补充道。虽然自6月底起法院便进入了惯例性的夏季休庭期，但大法官们仍忙于处理通过“影子议程”提交的案件。这类案件通常处理迅速，无需举行口头辩论，也不会出具详尽的书面裁决。近年来，“影子议程”日益成为法院运作的重要组成部分，其中部分裁决的影响力甚至超过了那些需要大法官们听取辩论、经过数月审议后才发布的正式裁决。
“He’s always staked out an aggressive view of executive power. The court’s relationship with that view continues to unfold. Some of those cases he is winning and some he is losing,” he added. Although the court has been on its customary summer recess since the end of June, the justices have remained busy dealing with cases brought on the shadow docket. Such cases are typically dealt with swiftly, with no oral arguments or detailed written opinions. The shadow docket has increasingly become a key part of the court’s operations in recent years, with some of the rulings proving more consequential than those on the court’s traditional docket, in which the justices hear arguments and spend months deliberating before issuing long rulings.
今年夏季，特朗普政府通过“影子议程”就各类议题提出了七项申请。最终，法院在四项申请中支持了特朗普，一项申请中驳回了他的诉求；另有一项申请已被撤回，还有一项仍在等待裁决。
During the summer, the Trump administration filed seven shadow docket requests on a variety of issues. The court ruled for Trump on four of them and against him once, while one was withdrawn and one is pending.
本届夏季休会期间，政府取得的最引人注目的胜利便是让特朗普得以继续在白宫内修建舞厅。不过，他在关于邮寄选票的行政命令上遭遇了一次重大挫败，这也引发了他迄今为止对大法官们最为严厉的批评。卢瑟指出，大法官们或许能够把总统那些言辞激烈的言论置之脑后。“我认为大法官们明白总统也是个政客，”他补充道，“他们不会把这些话当真。”
The administration’s most high-profile win of the summer recess allowed Trump to continue with his construction of a ballroom at the White House. But his single loss on his mail-in ballots executive order was a significant one, prompting some of his strongest criticism of the justices to date. Luther said the justices are likely able to put the president’s colorful rhetoric to one side. “I think the justices know the president is a politician,” he added. “I don’t think they take it personally.”