美国政府计划对一名因2009年制造大规模枪击案而被判有罪的前陆军士兵的行刑过程进行直播，这一举措引发了人们对东南亚各国政府能否有效限制网络上的暴力内容的质疑。
The US government’s plan to live-stream the execution of a former Army member convicted in a deadly 2009 mass shooting is raising questions about how effectively Southeast Asian governments can restrict graphic online content.
分析人士指出，虽然当局或许有权限制民众观看该直播，但要遏制那些被上传至社交媒体的行刑片段及改编版本则要困难得多。
Analysts say while authorities may have powers to restrict access to the live stream, containing clips and altered copies of the killing posted to social media could prove far more difficult.
本周二，澳大利亚环境部长默里·瓦茨谴责这一直播计划“令人作呕”，使得该问题愈发紧迫。澳大利亚的网络监管机构eSafety向法新社表示，该机构无权阻止直播，但强调网络服务商有责任保护用户免受有害内容的侵害。
The issue gained fresh urgency on Tuesday, after Australia’s Environment Minister Murray Watts condemned the proposed broadcast as “disgusting”. Australia’s online regulator, eSafety, told Agence France Presse it lacked the power to prevent the live stream, but stressed that online services had a responsibility to protect users from harmful content.
此前，新西兰内容分级办公室也曾表示，无法对正在进行的直播进行分级，也无权阻止民众观看此类直播内容。
New Zealand’s Classification Office had earlier said it could not classify a live stream while it was taking place and lacked the authority to block access to such an event.
尼达尔·哈桑是一名前美国陆军精神科医生，他于2009年在得克萨斯州胡德堡军事基地制造枪击案，导致13人死亡。他定于12月3日通过枪决方式被执行死刑。美国国防部长皮特·赫格塞斯称此次行刑将进行直播，五角大楼随后也证实了这一计划。
Nidal Hasan, a former US Army psychiatrist convicted of killing 13 people in a 2009 shooting at the Fort Hood military base in Texas, is scheduled to be executed by firing squad on December 3. US Defence Secretary Pete Hegseth said the execution would be live-streamed, and the Pentagon subsequently confirmed the plan.
不过，尽管特朗普总统前一天曾表示支持直播，但他在周六又称尚未就此事作出最终决定，这使得该计划的当前状态仍不明朗。至于直播的具体传播方式也尚未确定。
US President Donald Trump said on Saturday he had not made a final decision on whether the execution would be live-streamed, despite his comments a day earlier approving the broadcast, leaving the plan’s current status uncertain. Details of how the broadcast will be distributed also remain unclear.
在东南亚地区，现行法规为限制此类直播提供了可能性，但分析人士指出，当局是否会动用这些法规，还要视其对直播内容、呈现方式及传播渠道的综合评估而定。
In Southeast Asia, existing rules provide potential avenues for restricting access, but analysts say whether authorities invoke them depends on their assessment of the broadcast, how it is presented and where it appears.
新加坡拉惹勒南国际研究所国家安全卓越中心主任本杰明·安表示，监管机构首先需要确定该广播是否值得受到限制。
Benjamin Ang, head of the Centre of Excellence for National Security at Singapore’s S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, said regulators would first need to determine whether the broadcast warranted restrictions.
“监管机构和平台随后需要协调，以预先确定直播将在何时何地进行，这样他们才能有效地检测到该直播并在其国家屏蔽对其的访问，”他说。
“Regulators and platforms would then need to coordinate to pre-identify when and where the live stream will take place so they can effectively detect the live stream and block access to it in their countries,” he said.
在新加坡，《互联网行为准则》要求持牌提供商遵守禁止材料的规定。对于网站，互联网接入提供商通过拒绝访问被资讯通信媒体发展局（IMDA）通报含有此类材料的网站来履行其义务。
In Singapore, the Internet Code of Practice requires licensed providers to comply with rules on prohibited material. For websites, internet access providers meet their obligations by denying access to sites notified by the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) as containing such material.
该准则在考虑内容是否描绘“详细或沉溺于极端暴力或残忍行为”的同时，也会考虑其固有的医学、科学、艺术或教育价值。这些是评估标准，而非自动要求封禁处决直播的条件。
The code considers whether content depicts “detailed or relished acts of extreme violence or cruelty”, alongside any intrinsic medical, scientific, artistic or educational value. These are assessment criteria, rather than an automatic requirement for blocking an execution broadcast.
马来西亚的《网络安全法》赋予马来西亚通信及多媒体委员会（MCMC）命令持牌平台或网络提供商限制访问的权力。这发生在MCMC评估用户举报并基于合理理由认定内容具有害处之后。
Malaysia’s Online Safety Act provides for the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) to order licensed platforms or network providers to restrict access. This follows MCMC’s assessing a user report and determining on reasonable grounds that the content is harmful.
该法律涵盖可能煽动暴力或恐怖主义、助长公众敌意或扰乱公共安宁的材料，但未具体列出处决直播。
The law covers material that may incite violence or terrorism, promote public hostility or disturb public tranquillity, but does not specifically list execution live streams.
印度尼西亚2020年第5号部长令《私营电子系统运营商》经2021年修订后要求运营商防止禁止材料的传播，包括相关当局认定为扰乱公众和破坏公共秩序的内容。
Indonesia’s Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2020 on Private Electronic-System Operators, amended in 2021, requires operators to prevent the distribution of prohibited material, including content that relevant authorities classify as unsettling the public and disrupting public order.
运营方必须在收到删除指令后的24小时内予以执行；在紧急情况下，必须立即采取行动，最迟不得晚于收到警告后的4小时内。若未能遵守规定，可能会导致访问被阻断（包括通过互联网服务提供商的方式）。
Operators must comply with takedown orders within 24 hours of receipt. In urgent cases, they must act without delay, and no later than four hours after receiving a warning. Failure to comply can lead to access blocking, including through internet service providers.
然而，这些时间限制并不能完全防止观众观看直播内容。《This Week In Asia》已联系了印度尼西亚媒体局（IMDA）、马来西亚通信及多媒体委员会（MCMC）以及印度尼西亚通信与数字部，请求他们对此事发表意见。
These deadlines, however, do not shield viewers from a short live event. This Week In Asia has reached out to IMDA, MCMC and Indonesia’s Communications and Digital Ministry for comment.
即使原始直播内容被限制访问，其录像或片段仍可能在其他地方传播，这给监管机构和平台带来了新的挑战。
Even if access to the original broadcast were restricted, recordings and excerpts could spread elsewhere, creating a separate challenge for regulators and platforms.
安（Ang）指出，借鉴“伊斯兰国”实施斩首行为的案例以及克赖斯特彻奇恐怖袭击的教训，监管机构应跨平台协作来限制相关内容的传播；同时，服务提供商应利用机器学习技术来识别被篡改的视频片段。他还建议平台方“降低相关搜索词的搜索热度”，并对违规账户进行处罚（如取消其盈利资格或禁用其账号）。
Drawing on lessons from Islamic State beheadings and the Christchurch terrorist massacre, Ang said regulators should work across platforms to limit resharing, while services should use machine learning to detect altered copies of the footage. Platforms must also “downgrade related search terms, and de-monetise and disable offending accounts”, he said.
“虽然可能无法完全阻止所有直播内容的传播，但各国仍应尽最大努力减少对民众的伤害。”马来西亚莫纳什大学（Monash University）的传播与媒体学者本杰明·Y·H·洛（Benjamin Y.H. Loh）表示，遏制这些被重新发布的视频片段可能会演变成一场“猫捉老鼠”的游戏——因为社交媒体用户可能会上传相关视频片段以规避平台的检测机制。
“It may be impossible to stop every instance of the live stream, but countries can do as much as they can to reduce the harm to their populations.”Benjamin Y.H. Loh, a communications and media scholar at Monash University Malaysia, said containing reposted footage could become “a cat-and-mouse game”, with social media users uploading clips of the event to spoof platforms’ detection efforts.
他还提到了克赖斯特彻奇袭击事件：当时，关于该事件的视频片段被篡改（添加音乐、加速播放或进行镜像处理）后再次上传，以此试图逃避平台的监控和自动化检测工具。
He also pointed to the Christchurch attack, where redistribution of footage on the massacre became a major content-moderation challenge. Clips were altered with music, sped up or mirrored before being uploaded in attempts to evade platform moderators and automated detection tools.
不过，罗表示，提前通知能让平台为直播做好准备。“平台需要安排大量人工审核员随时待命，以处理大量举报信息。”他还指出，审核员也能监控视频的二次传播情况；举例而言，今年6月和7月世界杯比赛的非法直播内容很快就被发现并遭到封锁或禁止。
However, advance notice would allow platforms to prepare for the broadcast, Loh said. “You need to have a lot of human moderators on standby to handle the incoming reports.”He said moderators could also monitor retransmission of footage, citing how illegal live streams of World Cup matches in June and July were quickly discovered and blocked or banned.
“当然，这一过程不会瞬间完成，”他说，“肯定会有少数违规内容漏网。”罗还提醒道，直接直播处决过程与仅作间接报道所带来的问题截然不同。
“It’s not going to be instantaneous, of course,” he said. “There will definitely be a few that will go through the cracks.”Loh also cautioned that a broadcast showing the execution directly versus an indirect account of proceedings would raise different questions.
“平台如何处理完全取决于内容本身以及它们如何执行自身的服务条款，”他说。
“The platforms’ decisions really depend on the material and how they apply their own Terms of Service,” he said.
专家警告称，直播哈桑处决过程的风险远不止让观众接触到血腥画面，相关视频还可能被用来宣扬极端主义言论。
The risks of broadcasting or live-streaming Hasan’s execution could extend beyond exposure to graphic imagery, as experts warn the footage could also be used to promote extremist narratives.
“一些剪辑或转发原直播片段的账号，其目的可能是鼓吹暴力或煽动对特定种族、宗教群体的仇恨，”安指出，他还表示社区领袖、宗教人士及教育工作者可协助提升公众对这种内容危害性的认知。
“Some of the accounts that clip or repost the original live stream may do so to advocate violence or incite hate against certain races or religions,” Ang said, adding that community and religious leaders and educators could help raise public awareness of the dangers of such content.
不过对于政治学家比尔维尔·辛格而言，直播处决过程只会进一步强化东南亚地区极端分子及易受影响的受众的反西方、反美国情绪。
But for political scientist Bilveer Singh, live-streaming the execution would simply reinforce anti-West or anti-American views among extremist actors and susceptible audiences in Southeast Asia.
“这还会给新加坡、马来西亚和印度尼西亚正在开展的去极端化工作带来阻碍；一旦处决实施，极端分子便有了可加以利用的素材，”他说。
“It will also complicate ongoing deradicalisation efforts that Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia have been pursuing, because if this execution goes through, it provides extremists with material to exploit,” he said.
分析人士警告称，无论哈桑犯下何种罪行，极端主义同情者仍可能将其塑造成“烈士”。“这正是他们实施极端化宣传的工具，”比尔维尔说道。
Analysts warn that extremist sympathisers could also portray Hasan as a martyr, regardless of his crimes. “Therein lies a radicalisation toolkit for these people,” Bilveer said.
在安看来，现实目标应是尽可能降低危害，而非奢望完全杜绝风险。
For Ang, the practical objective is reducing harm rather than promising complete containment.