新加坡：众议员在周三（10月7日）通过的新法案中支持数据中心的新规定，但对该行业的竞争力和可持续性提出了担忧。
SINGAPORE: Members of Parliament (MPs) supported new regulations for data centres under a new law passed in parliament on Wednesday (Oct 7), but raised concerns about the sector's competitiveness and sustainability.
数字基础设施法案引入了两项新的许可制度，以加强主要云服务和数据中心的安全性和韧性，以及他们在新加坡运营的环境可持续性。
The Digital Infrastructure Bill introduced two new licensing regimes to strengthen the security and resilience of major cloud services and data centres, as well as the environmental sustainability of their operations in Singapore.
19名众议员在该法案的二读阶段就此问题进行了辩论，辩论持续了两个多小时，跨越两天时间。
Nineteen MPs debated the issue during the second reading of the Bill, which lasted over five hours across two days.
数字发展和信息部副部长陈杰豪在闭幕讲话中表示，众议员就竞争力、可持续性、稀缺资源、就业和技能，以及对安全和有韧性基础设施的需求提出了实质性的问题。他表示，这场辩论强化了三个广泛的原则。
In his closing speech, Senior Minister of State for Digital Development and Information Tan Kiat How said MPs raised practical questions on competitiveness, sustainability, scarce resources, jobs and skills, as well as the need for secure and resilient infrastructure. He said the debate reinforced three broad principles.
这些原则是：新加坡应该提前规划，而不是等待严重的中断或急剧的资源压力；数据中心容量应该以有纪律的方式增长；清晰和适当的监管并不是竞争力的对立面。
These were that Singapore should plan ahead instead of waiting for serious disruptions or acute resource pressures, that data centre capacity should grow in a disciplined manner, and that clear and proportionate regulation is not the opposite of competitiveness.
陈杰豪先生说：“随着我们的经济数字化和人工智能的更广泛应用，新加坡需要更多的计算能力，但土地、电力、水和我们的碳预算是有限的。”
"Singapore needs more compute as our economy digitalises and AI becomes more widely used, but land, power, water, and our carbon budget are finite," Mr Tan said.
“我们的目标不能仅仅是更多的容量；必须是从我们所承载的容量中获得更大的价值。”这项新法案旨在加强新加坡数字经济的基础，并提供监管明晰性，以支持新加坡长期基础设施投资。
"Our objective cannot simply be more capacity; it must be greater value from the capacity that we host." The new law aims to strengthen the foundations of Singapore's digital economy and provide regulatory clarity to support long-term infrastructure investment in Singapore.
在新加坡拥有至少3兆瓦（MW）关键IT负载的数据中心运营商将需要获得许可。
Operators of data centres in Singapore with a critical IT load of at least 3 megawatts (MW) will need to be licensed.
现有和新的数据中心都将被要求满足设施级别的能效要求，包括功耗有效性要求，作为第一步。未来可能会引入更多的要求，包括IT设备和水效率方面的要求。
Both existing and new data centres will be required to meet facility-level energy-efficiency requirements, including power usage effectiveness requirements, as a first step. Further requirements, including for IT equipment and water efficiency, could be introduced in the future.
将引入一个许可制度，适用于重大的共同托管和云数据中心，这些中心具有至少10MW的关键IT负载，以及重大的云服务提供商，其基础架构即服务(IaaS)和平台即服务(PaaS)服务在过去三年中从新加坡用户处获得的平均年收入至少为新加币10000万元(美国7820万元)。
A licensing regime will also be introduced for major co-location and cloud data centres with a critical IT load of at least 10MW, as well as major cloud service providers whose Infrastructure-as-a-Service and Platform-as-a-Service services generate at least S$100 million (US$78.2 million) in average annual revenue from users in Singapore over the three preceding years.
将引入两个许可制度——一个针对基础性数字基础设施服务的安全性和弹性，即重大数据中心(DC)和云服务；另一个针对DC的环境可持续性。它们旨在为信息通信媒体发展署提供有效担纲监管者和制定标准的工具。在安全性和弹性方面，政府的目标是那些中断可能同时影响许多企业和组织的基础设施。政府将从两种类型的服务开始——具有至少10兆瓦关键IT负载(CIL)的重大DC设施服务，以及在过去三年中从新加坡用户处获得至少新加币10000万元平均年收入并提供基础架构即服务或平台即服务的重大受监管云计算服务。
Two licensing regimes - one for security and resilience of foundational digital infrastructure services, namely major data centres (DCs) and cloud services, and another for the environmental sustainability of DCs. They aim to give the Infocomm Media Development Authority the tools to be an effective gatekeeper and standards-setter. In security and resilience, the government is targeting the underlying infrastructure whose disruption could affect many businesses and organisations at the same time. It will start with two types of services - major DC facility services with a critical IT load (CIL) of at least 10 megawatts, and major regulated cloud computing services that generate at least S$100 million in average annual revenue from users in Singapore over the preceding three years and provide either Infrastructure-as-a-Service or Platform-as-a-Service.
至于环境可持续性，许可制度将适用于新加坡拥有至少3兆瓦CIL的DC运营商，大约相当于一座大型郊区购物中心的用电需求。大多数违规行为的最大财务处罚为新加币100万元或许可人在新加坡的年营 turnover 中的10%，以较高者为准。数字发展和信息部国务副部长陈杰发(Tan Kiat How)在周二(10月6日)在国会上概述修订案时表示，政府的雄心不是最大的计算能力，而是为新加坡、企业及其人民从计算中获得最大价值。
As for environmental sustainability, the licensing regime will apply to operators of DCs in Singapore with a CIL of at least three megawatts, roughly the power demand of a major suburban mall. The maximum financial penalty for most breaches is S$1 million or 10 per cent of the licensee's annual turnover in Singapore, whichever is higher. Senior Minister of State for Digital Development and Information Tan Kiat How, who outlined the amendments in parliament on Tuesday (Oct 6), said the government’s ambition is not maximum compute but “maximum value from compute” for Singapore, businesses and its people.
关于竞争力的担忧尽管支持这些新规定，但国会议员们表示，这些规定不应以新加坡的竞争力为代价。
CONCERNS ABOUT COMPETITIVENESS While supportive of the new regulations, MPs said they should not come at the expense of Singapore's competitiveness.
议员Sharael Taha（人民行动党-Pasir Ris-Changi）表示，监管应提升标准，但不应使新加坡失去竞争力。
MP Sharael Taha (PAP-Pasir Ris-Changi) said regulation should raise standards without making Singapore uncompetitive.
Taha先生说，问题并不仅仅在于如何监管数据中心，更在于新加坡如何为人工智能经济的下一阶段做好准备，并确保“我们投入的每一兆瓦稀缺能源都能创造最大的经济和战略价值”。
The question was not simply about how data centres are regulated, but how Singapore is positioning itself for the next phase of the AI economy and ensuring that "every megawatt of scarce energy we commit creates the greatest possible economic and strategic value", said Mr Taha.
他指出，鉴于资源有限，新加坡的目标不可能是数据中心的“无限增长”。
With its limited resources, Singapore's objective cannot be "unlimited growth" of data centres, he said.
“但答案也不应是限制增长到下一代人工智能基础设施干脆转向他处的程度，”他说道。
"Neither should the answer be to constrain growth to the point where the next generation of AI infrastructure simply goes elsewhere,” he said.
他还询问政府是否评估过合规所需的每兆瓦成本，尤其是现有数据中心的成本，以及这一成本与地区竞争对手相比如何。
He asked whether the government has assessed the cost per megawatt of compliance, particularly for existing data centres and how this compares with regional competitors.
议员Sharael Taha表示，安全、韧性和可持续性是新加坡数字经济必要的基础。监管只是问题的一方面，另一方面则是雄心。他在周二（10月6日）于国会发言时强调，有必要对数据中心进行监管，使其更高效、更具韧性，并要求稀缺资源得到负责任地使用。同时，政府必须创造有利条件，使新加坡能够以平衡的方式吸引下一代的云计算和人工智能投资。他补充说，挑战在于实现智能增长，并从每一单位稀缺能源中创造更多的计算能力、经济价值以及更强的战略能力。
Security, resilience and sustainability are necessary foundations for Singapore’s digital economy, said MP Sharael Taha. Regulation is only one side of the equation; the other is ambition, he said. Speaking in parliament on Tuesday (Oct 6), he stressed the need to regulate data centres to be more efficient and resilient, as well as demand that scarce resources are used responsibly. At the same time, the government must create the conditions for Singapore to capture the next generation of cloud compute and AI investments in a balanced way, he said. The challenge is to achieve intelligent growth, as well as more compute and economic value and greater strategic capability from every unit of scarce energy, he added.
议员Edward Chia（人民行动党-Holland-Bukit Timah）表示，更高的标准可能成为新加坡的竞争优势，而非监管成本。
MP Edward Chia (PAP-Holland-Bukit Timah) said higher standards could be a competitive advantage for Singapore rather than a regulatory cost.
他说，处理关键业务负载的公司会重视具有韧性的基础设施，而进行大规模长期投资的公司则会看重监管的一致性。
He said that companies handling critical workloads would value resilient infrastructure, while those making substantial, long-term investments would value regulatory consistency.
“新加坡无需仅凭价格展开竞争。我们的竞争优势应在于提供值得信赖、具备韧性、互联互通且资源高效的计算服务，并辅以可预测的监管环境，”Chia先生说。
"Singapore need not compete on price alone. Our competitive proposition should be to offer trusted, resilient, connected, and resource-efficient compute, supported by a predictable regulatory environment,” Mr Chia said.
在回应议员们时，Tan先生表示，成本固然重要，但新加坡并非以土地或电力最便宜为竞争基础，因为其他市场在这两方面都更具优势。
Responding to the MPs, Mr Tan said the cost mattered, but Singapore does not compete on the basis of having the cheapest land or electricity, as other markets have more of both. "Singapore's role is different.
“新加坡的角色有所不同。它是一个值得信赖、互联互通且高价值的工作负载中心，在这里，可靠性、安全性、韧性、连接性以及靠近企业活动的优势更为关键。这意味着我们无需承载每一兆瓦的电力。我们需要承载合适的容量，并让所承载的容量为新加坡创造更高的价值，”Tan先生说。
It is a trusted, connected, and high-value hub for workloads where reliability, security, resilience, connectivity, and proximity to enterprise activities matter more. That means we do not need to host every megawatt. We need to host the right capacity, and make the capacity we host work harder for Singapore," Mr Tan said.
他指出，在新加坡最近的数据中心招标中，收到了超过20份申请，这表明运营商仍将持续将新加坡视为其区域战略的重要组成部分。
He pointed out that Singapore received more than 20 applications in its recent data centre call for applications exercise, showing that operators continue to see Singapore as a key part of their regional strategy.
他同意Chia先生的观点，即优质的监管环境可能成为新加坡的竞争优势。
He agreed with Mr Chia's observation that regulatory quality could be Singapore's competitive edge.
“良好的监管并非意味着制定最多的规则，而是指以可预测的方式执行正确的规则，”Tan先生说。
"Good regulation is not about having the most rules; it is about having the right rules applied predictably," Mr Tan said.
“我们正在设定一个明确的标准底线，并确保受监管体系覆盖的实体达到这一标准，并在实际可行且必要时逐步提高这一标准。”他还补充说，政府计划通过简化法案涵盖实体的运营流程，从而减轻服务提供商和运营商的行政负担。
"We are setting a clear floor, and making sure those covered by the regime meet it, and raise that floor over time when it is practical and necessary." He added that the government intended to minimise the administrative burden on service providers and operators by streamlining operational processes for those covered under the Bill.
全球各国和企业正争相满足人工智能驱动的数据中心容量需求，但我们必须思考，这种军备竞赛是否会损害我们实现气候目标的能力，议员何庭茹表示。她在周二（10月6日）于国会发言时指出，新加坡必须以身作则，推动可持续、负责任且以人为本的技术发展。其数据中心发展模式必须优先考虑民众需求，缓解社会经济影响，并提高排放透明度。
Countries and corporations worldwide are scrambling to meet AI-driven demand for data centre capacity, but we need to ask if this arms race compromises our ability to meet our climate targets, said MP He Ting Ru. In parliament on Tuesday (Oct 6), she said Singapore must lead by example in driving sustainable, responsible and people-centric technological growth. Its approach to data centres has to prioritise its people's needs, mitigate the socioeconomic impact and boost transparency on emissions.
何议员谈到了数据中心对电力和供水网络造成的负担，以及对新加坡另一种稀缺资源——土地的影响。她质问政府，在决定是否建设数据中心以及建设地点时，将如何考虑公众意见。她补充说，新加坡也应该努力减缓其数据中心政策对境外地区的影响。
Ms He spoke about the toll exacted by data centres on electricity and water grids, and on another scarce resource in Singapore - land. She asked how the government will take public feedback into account in deciding whether and where to build data centres. Singapore should also aim to mitigate the effects its data centre policies have beyond its shores, she added.
数据中心资源有限 议员普遍认同，数据中心消耗大量土地、水和电力——而这些资源在新加坡都十分有限。
LIMITED RESOURCES FOR DATA CENTRES MPs broadly agreed that data centres use significant amounts of land, water and power - resources that are limited in Singapore.
他们质疑新加坡是否有足够的低碳电力来支持数据中心的进一步发展，以及扩建是否会给国家电网带来额外压力。多位议员还问到，国家电网的负担是否会导致家庭电费上升。
They questioned whether Singapore has enough low-carbon electricity to support the further growth of data centres, and whether expansion could put additional pressure on the national grid. Several asked if the strain on the national grid could raise electricity costs for households.
议员何庭茹（工人党-盛港选区）表示，只有在电网基础设施能够轻松承受额外能源消耗的情况下，才应该增加未来数据中心的容量，而且“如有必要，升级所需的成本不应该由消费者承担”。
MP He Ting Ru (WP-Sengkang) said future data centre capacity should only be introduced if the grid infrastructure could support the additional energy usage comfortably, and that the "cost of upgrades required, if any, should not be borne by consumers".
同样地，议员刘世雄（工人党-盛港选区）则问到，过去四年数据中心容量增长60%，对电费价格造成了多大影响。
Similarly, MP Louis Chua (WP-Sengkang) asked how much the 60 per cent increase in data centre capacity over the last four years had contributed to electricity prices.
议员Choo Pei Ling表示，《数字基础设施法案》将有助于维持新加坡作为一个值得信赖、有弹性和对资源负责的数字中心的地位。周三（10月7日），她在议会发表讲话时强调了三个目标--韧性、可持续性和价值。关于韧性，她想知道当局是否会考虑基于风险的跨部门锻炼计划。在谈到可持续发展时，她建议建立一个关于运营商控制内容的公共记分卡。在价值方面，她建议发布一个标准框架，跟踪所做出和遵守的承诺类型。
The Digital Infrastructure Bill will help maintain Singapore as a digital hub that is trusted, resilient and resource responsible, said MP Choo Pei Ling. Speaking in parliament on Wednesday (Oct 7), she highlighted three goals - resilience, sustainability and value. On resilience, she wanted to know if the authorities would consider a risk-based cross-sectoral exercise programme. Turning to sustainability, she suggested a public scorecard on what operators control. On value, she suggested publishing a standard framework tracking the types of commitment made and complied with.
谭先生回应称，在新加坡，数据中心不会按照受监管的家庭电价购买电力，而是按照商业电价从零售商或直接从批发电力市场购买电力。数据中心还为自己的专用电网连接付费。
In response, Mr Tan said that in Singapore, data centres do not buy electricity at the regulated household tariff, but from retailers at commercial rates or directly from the wholesale electricity market. Data centres also pay for their own dedicated grid connections.
谭先生表示：“家庭电价主要由燃料和发电成本推动，数据中心的发展预计不会提高这一成本。”
"The household tariff is driven mainly by fuel and electricity generation costs, and the growth of data centres is not expected to raise this cost," Mr Tan said.
“随着总体电力需求的增长，电网可能需要扩大或加强。这些系统级升级有利于整个电网的可靠性和弹性，其成本通过现有的电网充电框架由用户分担。在回答有关数据中心容量是否会受到限制的问题时，谭先生表示，设定“任意上限”是不明智的。
"As overall electricity demand grows, the grid may need to be expanded or reinforced. These system-level upgrades benefit the reliability and resilience of the entire grid, and their costs are shared across users through the existing grid charging framework." In response to questions about whether data centre capacity will be capped, Mr Tan said it was not sensible to place an “arbitrary cap”.
谭先生表示：“这样做将意味着限制我们更广泛经济的增长以及社会中数字技术的使用，而这些技术将造福所有新加坡人。”
"Doing so would mean constraining the growth of our broader economy and use of digital technologies in society that benefits all Singaporeans," Mr Tan said.
蔡先生等议员呼吁公布设施或运营商层面的电力使用效率（PUE）和用水效率（WUE）数据，以及年度总电力和水消耗量，而议员Choo Pei Ling（PAP-Chua Chu Kang）则提议逐步引入涵盖PUE和WUE的公共记分卡。
MPs such as Mr Chua called for publication of Power Usage Effectiveness (PUE) and Water Usage Effectiveness (WUE) figures at facility or operator levels, as well as annual aggregate electricity and water consumption, while MP Choo Pei Ling (PAP-Chua Chu Kang) proposed a progressively introduced public scorecard covering PUE and WUE.
陈先生说，运营商可以利用现有计划来提高能源效率，例如经济发展局的“排放资源效率补助金”，该计划可补贴升级至更高能效设备的费用。
Mr Tan said operators can tap existing schemes to improve energy efficiency, such as the Economic Development Board's Resource Efficiency Grant for Emissions, which offsets the cost of upgrading to more energy-efficient equipment.
他指出，新加坡是全球少数为数据中心设定用水效率目标的国家之一。
He noted that Singapore is among the few countries in the world to set a water efficiency target for data centres.
关于该行业的电力和用水情况，他表示，能源市场管理局会报告各行业的电力消耗情况，其中就包括涵盖数据中心的资讯与通信行业。
On the sector's electricity and water use, he said the Energy Market Authority reports the electricity consumption by sector, including the information and communication sector, which covers data centres.
他还表示，国家水务机构新加坡公共水务局（PUB）也会公布数据中心的用水效率基准。
National water agency PUB also publishes the water efficiency benchmark for data centres, he said.
他补充说：“相关机构会考虑，在不泄露商业敏感信息的前提下，还能提供哪些更有用的行业层面信息。”
“The relevant agencies will consider what further sector-level information can usefully be made available without disclosing commercially sensitive information,” he added.
周三（10月7日），在国会会议上，数字发展及资讯部高级部长陈吉和回应了议员们对《数字基础设施法案》提出的质询。该法案随后获得通过。
In parliament on Wednesday (Oct 7), Senior Minister of State for Digital Development and Information Tan Kiat How responded to clarifications sought by Members of the House on the Digital Infrastructure Bill. The Bill was then passed.
安全与韧性方面，朱博士、议员叶文荣（人民行动党—义顺康）和议员李维克多（人民行动党—安茂吉）指出，即使各个服务提供商都有完善的韧性计划，但如果它们依赖相同的基础设施，服务仍可能中断。
SECURITY AND RESILIENCE Dr Choo, MP Yip Hon Weng (PAP-Yio Chu Kang) and MP Victor Lye (PAP-Ang Mo Kio) said that even if individual providers had sound resilience plans, services could still fail if they depended on the same underlying infrastructure.
朱博士表示：“银行、诊所和政府服务都可能各自合规，却仍然依赖同一家云服务商、同一座变电站、冷却站、冷却系统或电缆线路。工程师将这种情况称为‘共模故障’，即存在一个共同的故障点。”
"Banks, clinics, and government services can each comply and still depend on the same cloud provider, substation, cooling station, cooling system, or cable route. Engineers call this common mode failure. There is a shared point of failure," Dr Choo said.
她还指出，规模较小的设施，包括低于10兆瓦门槛的设施，仍可能被要求承担关键功能。
She pointed out that a smaller facility, including one under the 10MW threshold, could still be tasked to perform a critical function.
她提问，资讯通信媒体发展局（IMDA）是否会评估诸如可替代性、用户集中度和跨境依赖等因素。
She asked if the Infocomm Media Development Authority (IMDA) would assess factors such as substitutability, concentration of users and cross-border dependence.
叶先生表示，单个提供商可以有一个良好的恢复计划，但仍然依赖于共享的设施、电源、连接途径或运营团队。他说，如果共享依赖失败，多个提供商可能会同时失败。
Mr Yip said that an individual provider could have a good recovery plan but still depend on a shared facility, power supply, connectivity pathway or operational team. If the shared dependency failed, multiple providers could fail simultaneously, he said.
他提议为具有共同依赖关系的主要基础数字基础设施许可证持有者进行联合恢复演习。
He proposed joint recovery exercises for major foundational digital infrastructure licensees with shared dependencies.
“这些演习应该测试基本服务是否可以在恢复时间范围内（适当）恢复，以应对中断可能造成的伤害。他们应该让相关行业监管机构参与其中，必要时还包括关键的上游运营商参与其中，”他说。谭先生表示，该法案使政府在主要提供商中具有可见性。
"These exercises should test whether essential services can resume within recovery timeframes (appropriate) to the likely harm caused by disruption. They should involve the relevant sector regulators and, where necessary, critical upstream operators," he said. Mr Tan said that the Bill gives the government visibility across major providers.
“一个运营商看到了自己的事件。监管机构需要看到整个系统。这有助于我们识别单个操作员可能无法看到的常见依赖关系和模式，”他说。
"A single operator sees its own incident. The regulator needs to see the whole system. This helps us identify common dependencies and patterns that no individual operator may be able to see," he said.
他补充说，IMDA作为行业监管机构，与国家安全协调秘书处等国家机构就相互依存问题密切合作。
IMDA, as the sector regulator, works closely with national agencies such as the National Security Coordination Secretariat on interdependency matters, he added.
“该法案赋予IMDA制定业务连续性、灾难恢复和事件报告要求的权力。"
"The Bill gives IMDA powers to set up business continuity, disaster recovery, and incident reporting requirements."