OpenAI在周四发布的一篇博客文章中称，该公司已封禁了一批俄罗斯和伊朗账户。这些账户试图利用OpenAI的人工智能工具在多个国家实施舆论操纵活动。根据这些账户借助OpenAI聊天机器人ChatGPT生成的内部报告，相关人员声称自己成功让编造的虚假信息被多家新闻媒体采纳；其中一次行动甚至引发了欧洲议会议员的回应。
OpenAI said in a blog post on Thursday that it banned Russian and Iranian accounts that were using the company's artificial intelligence tools to help with influence operations in multiple countries. The operatives said they managed to get their false narratives picked up by news outlets, and in once case, prompted a response from a member of the European Parliament, according to internal reports the operations produced using OpenAI's chatbot, ChatGPT.
仅在NPR网站独家报道：我们测试了人工智能聊天机器人应对外国宣传活动的表现，结果出乎意料地出色。OpenAI随后调查了这些账户所实施的各项活动的实际效果，发现那些旨在将虚假信息植入主流媒体的行动，其传播范围似乎比单纯利用虚假社交账户散布信息的行动更为广泛。
Only on NPR We tested how AI chatbots would handle foreign propaganda. They did surprisingly well OpenAI investigated the impact of the different campaigns the accounts mentioned and found that those focused on placing false narratives in established media outlets appeared to have reached a wider audience than campaigns that focused on using fake social media accounts to spread their message.
OpenAI指出，这些俄罗斯方面的行动主要针对拉丁美洲国家，目的似乎是削弱当地民众对乌克兰的支持并影响当地政治走向。这些账户似乎大多借助ChatGPT撰写工作报告，以此向上级汇报其行动情况。据OpenAI称，其中一份报告所描述的舆论操纵行动堪称迄今为止该公司所发现影响范围最广的案例，因为它最终引发了政治人物的公开回应。
The Russian operations targeted countries in Latin America and appeared aimed at undermining support for Ukraine and influencing local politics, OpenAI said. The accounts appeared to be mostly using ChatGPT to write reports detailing their work to unspecified higher ups, OpenAI said. The company said one of these reports appeared to describe the widest-reaching influence operation OpenAI has come across so far, because it led to public response from a political figure.
在这次行动中，俄罗斯相关人员冒充秘鲁当地的教育管理部门，诱使一些学校举办以乌克兰为主题的校园活动。斯捷潘·班杰拉是一位颇具争议的人物：民族主义者推崇他在二战前后为争取乌克兰独立所作的努力；但在包括波兰在内的其他国家，人们则对他深恶痛绝，因为其领导的势力曾与纳粹合作，犯下了杀害波兰人和犹太人的罪行。
In this campaign, the Russian operatives said they impersonated a regional educational authority in Peru and tricked some schools into organizing activities about Ukraine that featured Stepan Bandera Bandera is a controversial figure, admired by nationalists for leading a drive for Ukrainian independence before and during World War II. He is reviled by others, including in Poland, because his movement sided with the Nazis and killed Poles and Jews.
据秘鲁媒体《Extra》报道，秘鲁确实有一所学校举办了此类活动。科技领域：OpenAI揭露与中国及其他国家相关的秘密行动据波兰媒体报道，一篇关于学校活动的报道促使波兰极右翼欧洲议会议员提议禁止那些公开支持班杰拉的人士入境。
Peruvian outlet Extra reported that one such event did take place at a Peruvian school. Technology OpenAI takes down covert operations tied to China and other countries Polish news report about the school event prompted a far-right Polish member of the European Parliament to suggest banning the entry of people who professed support for Bandera.
“这些俄罗斯制造的虚假信息既利用了乌克兰与波兰之间的历史矛盾，又进一步加剧了这种矛盾，”OpenAI在报告中写道。
"The Russian fake thus both fed on, and fed into, historical tensions between Ukrainians and Poles," OpenAI wrote in its report.
克莱姆森大学瓦特家族创新中心媒体取证中心联合主任达伦·林维尔长期研究网络影响力操作，他指出：“俄罗斯人一直在实施此类行动，试图通过编造虚假故事、塑造虚假身份来传播符合其世界观与政治议程的宣传内容。”据称，俄罗斯内部使用ChatGPT生成的备忘录还显示，这些特工在拉丁美洲设立了一家虚假智库，并招募不知情的研究人员去采访专家并撰写报告。
"Russians are constantly engaging in these sorts of active measures," said Darren Linvill, a co-director of Clemson University's Watt Family Innovation Center Media Forensics Hub who studies online influence operations. "Trying to engage in narrative laundering, creating fake stories, fake persona to either create or spread propaganda that aligns with Russia's worldview and Russia's political agenda." The Russian internal memos created with ChatGPT also claimed that the operatives ran a fake think tank in Latin America and recruited unwitting researchers to interview experts and compose reports.
OpenAI指出，这一行径与2020年俄罗斯以独立新闻机构名义开展的行动类似——当时该机构与已故寡头叶夫根尼·普里戈任旗下的互联网研究局有关联，后者曾试图干预2016年美国大选。
OpenAI said that effort was similar to a 2020 Russian operation posing as an independent news outlet linked to the late oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin's Internet Research Agency which was involved in efforts to influence the 2016 U.S. election.
此外，OpenAI称，这些俄罗斯特工还常常将并非由他们策划的事件归功到自己头上。虽然俄罗斯确实利用人工智能生成虚假材料，但这类操作仅占其整体工作量的很小一部分。
In other instances, OpenAI said, the Russian operatives took credit for events they were not responsible for. The Russians did use AI to generate fake material, OpenAI said, but it was a minority of the workload.
“这些俄罗斯特工试图借助人工智能来简化流程、减少工作量，和我们许多人使用AI的初衷类似；不过恰恰因为这个原因，他们反而更容易被识破，”林维尔说道。
"These Russian underlings were trying to use AI to create a shortcut and do less work in the same way that a lot of us use AI, but in this case it helped get them caught," Linvill said.
俄罗斯特工主要利用人工智能向上级汇报情况，而伊朗特工则借助AI来协助发布波斯语和英语内容。此次宣传行动的重点是美国与伊朗之间的冲突，其次才是美国国内政治。OpenAI指出，该行动的表现“似乎符合商业机构受雇开展舆论操纵活动的特征”，但尚无法确定具体实施者是谁。
While the Russian operatives primarily used AI to update their superiors, Iranian operatives used AI to help them push out content in Persian and English. The campaign mainly focused on the U.S.-Iran war and, to a lesser degree, American politics. OpenAI said the operation's activity "appeared consistent with a commercial actor running a for-hire influence campaign" but that it was unable to identify who that was.
据OpenAI介绍，伊朗特工虚构了七名“作者”，负责撰写并润色长篇文章后发布给全球多家小型媒体。通过这种方式，他们共发布了近100篇文章。
According to OpenAI, Iranian accounts made up seven fake authors to pitch and polish long articles to small media outlets around the world. They published almost 100 articles in this way.
这些虚构作者发布的文章出现在多家媒体上，包括美国进步派新闻网站Daily Kos以及总部位于英国的《中东观察》。据NBC新闻报道，《中东观察》至少刊登了由四名虚构作者撰写的21篇文章。该媒体未对置评请求作出回应，但随后已删除了相关作者页面。
The fake authors published articles in outlets including the progressive U.S. news site Daily Kos and the U.K.-based Middle East Monitor. According to NBC News the Middle East Monitor published at least 21 articles by four fake authors. The outlet, which didn't respond to a request for comment, has since taken down the author pages.
针对NPR的询问，Daily Kos回应称：发布虚假内容的板块属于其社区板块，与编辑团队撰写的报道相互独立。网站声明显示，任何人均可注册并在社区板块发布内容，且这些内容“在发布前无需经过Daily Kos编辑团队的审核”。虽然社区板块设有发帖规则，其中明确禁止“冒充他人”，但那些由虚构作者发布的帖子至今仍保留在原处。
The Daily Kos wrote in response to NPR's request for comment that its community section, where one of the fake personas posted, is separate from staff reports. Anyone can sign up to post in the community section and posts are "not subject to review by Daily Kos staff prior to publication," according to a disclaimer on the site. The community section does have rules for posting, including prohibiting "Pretending to be someone you're not." The posts by the persona are still up.
林维尔指出：“对这些特工而言，AI的价值远不止于充当省时省力的工具。它帮助他们创作出语言风格自然、读起来极具真实感的内容，以至于能被正规媒体采用。我认为，若是几年前，类似伊朗特工这样的组织要做到这一点恐怕要困难得多。”
"AI was valuable to them above and beyond just being a shortcut," Linvill said. "It helped them create language that ... looked and felt and read authentic to the point where it was being published by legitimate outlets. And I think that is something that a few years ago, an Iranian operation like this would have struggled a lot more with."