新加坡：国家环境局于周一（10月12日）表示，该局正在“密切监测”烟霾情况，并收集有关火灾热点、其来源以及对当地空气质量影响的信息。
SINGAPORE: The National Environment Agency (NEA) said on Monday (Oct 12) that it is "closely monitoring" the haze situation and gathering information on fire hotspots, their sources and their impact on air quality here.
该局是在回应亚洲新闻台（CNA）关于在当前烟霾期间是否会根据新加坡《跨国烟霾污染法》采取行动的询问时作上述表示的。
The agency was responding to CNA's queries on whether action would be taken under Singapore's Transboundary Haze Pollution Act amid the ongoing haze.
国家环境局未明确说明是否正考虑就当前的烟霾情况根据该法律采取行动。
NEA did not specify whether it was considering taking action under the law in relation to the current haze situation.
该局表示，在2015年，其确定了与6家公司相关的特许经营土地上的火灾，并根据该法向所有6家公司发出了法律通知。
It said that in 2015, it identified fires on concession lands associated with six companies and issued legal notices to all six under the Act.
国家环境局于周临（注：原文周一）表示，对四家印度尼西亚公司——PT Bumi Andalas Permai、PT Bumi Mekar Hijau、PT Sebangun Bumi Andalas Woods Industries 和 PT Rimba Hutani Mas 的调查仍在进行中。该局补充说：“因此，国家环境局无法透露更多细节。”什么是《跨国烟霾污染法》？新加坡会定期经历由邻国森林和泥炭地火灾引起的严重烟霾。
Investigations into four of the Indonesian companies – PT Bumi Andalas Permai, PT Bumi Mekar Hijau, PT Sebangun Bumi Andalas Woods Industries and PT Rimba Hutani Mas – remain ongoing, NEA said on Monday. "As such, NEA is unable to disclose further details," it added. WHAT IS THE TRANSBOUNDARY HAZE POLLUTION ACT? Singapore periodically experiences severe haze caused by forest and peatland fires in neighbouring countries.
于2014年9月生效的《跨国烟霾污染法》允许当局对被认定应对新加坡烟霾污染负责或造成影响的公司采取法律行动，即使这些公司的活动发生在海外。
The Transboundary Haze Pollution Act, which came into force in September 2014, allows authorities to take legal action against companies responsible for causing or contributing to haze pollution in Singapore, even if their activities take place overseas.
根据该法，当新加坡任何地区的PM2.5的24小时污染标准指数（PSI）达到101或更高，并在接下来的24小时或更长时间内在同一地区或另一地区保持在该水平或以上时，就会发生不良空气质量事件。
Under the Act, a poor air quality episode occurs when the 24-hour Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) for PM2.5 reaches 101 or higher in any part of Singapore, and remains at or above that level in the same or another part of Singapore for the next 24 hours or longer.
自10月5日以来，国家环境局报告的24小时污染标准指数一直在新加坡至少一个地区的的不健康范围内。
The 24h PSI reported by NEA has been in the unhealthy range in at least one region in Singapore since Oct 5.
然而，仅达到空气质量门槛并不能自动确立该法下的法律责任。当局还必须证实某实体导致或促成了新加坡的烟霾污染。
However, meeting the air quality threshold alone does not automatically establish liability under the Act. Authorities must also establish that an entity caused or contributed to haze pollution in Singapore.
被裁定导致或促成跨国烟霾污染的公司最高可被处以每天10万新加坡元（折合7.81万美元）的罚款，上限为200万新加坡元。
Companies found guilty of causing or contributing to transboundary haze pollution can be fined up to S$100,000 (US$78,100) a day, capped at S$2 million.
该法律适用于在新加坡境内外运营的实体，包括那些纵容导致当地烟霾污染活动的实体。
The law applies to entities operating both within and outside Singapore, including those that condone activities resulting in haze pollution here.
它还赋予当局权力，发出预防措施通知，要求公司采取措施预防、减少或控制烟霾污染。
It also empowers authorities to issue preventive measures notices requiring companies to take steps to prevent, reduce or control haze pollution.
新加坡的个人和企业还可以针对因烟霾污染造成的人身伤害、财产损失或经济损失的责任实体提起民事诉讼。
Individuals and businesses in Singapore can also pursue civil claims against responsible entities for personal injury, property damage or economic losses arising from haze pollution.
然而，执法可能具有挑战性，特别是当需要确定对海外火灾负责的公司以及跨国获取证据时。自该法颁布以来，没有人被罚款或起诉。
However, enforcement can be challenging particularly when identifying the companies responsible for fires overseas and obtaining evidence across national borders. Since the Act was enacted, no one has been fined or sued.
新加坡此前曾在2015年严重烟霾事件后援引《跨国烟霾污染法》。
Singapore previously invoked the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act following the severe haze episode in 2015.
国家环境局确认了与6家印尼公司相关的特许经营土地上的火灾，并根据该法向其发出了法律通知。
NEA identified fires on concession lands associated with six Indonesian companies and issued legal notices to them under the Act.
在国家环境局接受其中两家公司的解释，即火灾发生时它们已不再与受影响土地相关联后，对这两家公司的调查随后结案。
Investigations into two of the companies were subsequently closed after NEA accepted their explanations that they were no longer associated with the affected land when the fires occurred.
在2015年烟霾事件发生十多年后，对其余四家公司的调查仍在进行中。
Investigations into the remaining four companies are still ongoing, more than a decade after the 2015 haze episode.