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专家敦促家长帮助孩子为可能直播的处决做好准备Experts urge parents to prepare kids for possible livestreamed execution

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2024年11月8日,悉尼的年轻人用手机浏览社交媒体。(美联社照片/里克·赖克罗夫特,资料图)Young people use their phones to view social media in Sydney on Nov. 8, 2024. (AP Photo/Rick Rycroft, File)

劳里·凯尔曼,丽贝卡·布恩 这不是一篇关于政治、死刑或福特胡德枪手是否应因其罪行在公众面前被处死的文章。

LAURIE KELLMAN, REBECCA BOONE This is not an article about politics, capital punishment or whether the Fort Hood shooter deserves to be executed in public for his crimes.

相反,它聚焦于前所未有的父母挑战:如何应对孩子几乎必然会听到或看到12月3日美国以枪决方式处决尼达尔·马利克·哈桑的画面的前景——如果特朗普政府按照计划对该事件进行直播的话。

Instead, it’s focused on the unprecedented parental challenge of handling the near-certain prospect that children will hear of or see footage of the Dec. 3 U.S. execution by firing squad of Nidal Malik Hasan if the Trump administration follows through with plans to livestream the event.

这种危险不仅限于直播本身,因为历史表明,即使原始直播受到限制,来自该事件的血腥视频仍可能被剪辑、复制并推送到儿童的社交媒体信息流中。

The danger stretches beyond the broadcast itself, because history shows graphic video from the event could be clipped, copied and pushed into children’s social feeds even if the original stream is restricted.

专家建议,关心儿童的成年人应先搁置政治和公共政策事宜——比如11月3日美国中期选举和死刑辩论——转而关注:目睹有人以枪决方式死亡可能对年轻观众产生怎样的影响,以及如何最好地安抚和保护他们。以下是一些可能有帮助的指导原则。

Experts suggest that grownups who care about children start by setting aside matters of politics and public policy — like the Nov. 3 U.S. midterm elections and the debate over capital punishment . Focus instead on how witnessing someone’s death by firing squad might land with young viewers — and how to best to reassure and protect them. Here are some guidelines that might help.

错误信息和虚假信息也会触及儿童。父母与孩子建立可信度很重要,尤其是因为他们的真实但未说出口的问题可能是:我们安全吗?掌握一些关于此案的基本事实,并轻声说出来。

Mis- and disinformation reach children, too. It’s important for parents to have credibility with them, especially because their real, unspoken question might be: Are we safe? Have in hand some basic facts about the case and state them gently.

“在你花时间收集准确、最新的信息并评估孩子的需求之后,制定立场、分享家庭价值观并与可能感到不知所措的孩子讨论事情会更容易,”常识媒体如是说。

“It will be easier to have a position, share your family’s values, and discuss things with a potentially overwhelmed child once you’ve taken the time to gather accurate, up-to-date info and assess your child’s needs,” according to Common Sense Media.

特朗普批准了尼达尔·马利克·哈桑于12月3日在福特胡德以枪决方式处决。几天 later,五角大楼宣布该事件将进行直播。

Trump approved Hasan’s execution by firing squad Dec. 3 at Fort Hood. A few days later, the Pentagon announced the event would be livestreamed.

“人们需要明白,做这类事情会有严重后果,”国防部长皮特·赫格塞斯对保守派媒体《真实美国之声》说道。

“People need to understand that there’s serious consequences for these types of things,” Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth told Real America’s Voice, a conservative outlet.

哈桑是一名陆军精神科医生,2009年他走进一栋正在为士兵进行体检的医疗大楼,使用带激光瞄准器的手枪开火,被判定为杀害13人有罪。他说这是为了阻止他们前往阿富汗并杀害他的穆斯林同胞。他在审判期间几乎没有进行自我辩护。自1961年以来,美国军方尚未执行死刑。

Hasan, an Army psychiatrist, was convicted of killing 13 people there in 2009 when he walked into a medical building where soldiers were getting checkups and opened fire with a laser-sighted handgun. He said it was an effort to stop them from going to Afghanistan and killing his fellow Muslims. He made almost no effort to defend himself at trial. The U.S. military has not carried out the death penalty since 1961.

上一次被广泛认可的公开处决发生在1936年8月14日。肯塔基州是最后一个允许公开处决的州,并于1938年禁止了这一做法。

The last widely recognized public execution took place on Aug. 14, 1936. Kentucky, the last state to permit them, outlawed the practice in 1938.

此外,专家建议,家长应及时了解直播处决的全过程。许多问题仍未得到解答,例如是否会展示死亡瞬间及其后续,是否会有年龄限制,以及是否会有广播延迟或停止信号的阈值。

Also, experts suggest, parents should stay updated on how a livestreamed execution would unfold. Many questions remained unanswered, such as whether the moment of death and its aftermath will be shown, whether any age restrictions will apply, and whether there will be a broadcast delay or a threshold for stopping the feed.

应了解相关技术。虽然政府经常使用YouTube进行直播,包括嵌入政府网站内的直播,但YouTube禁止“暴力或血腥”以及“旨在震惊或令人厌恶观众”的内容,且不允许直播中出现有人持有、操作或运输枪支的画面。

Be informed about the technology involved. While the government often uses YouTube to carry its livestreams, including those embedded within government websites, YouTube prohibits content that is “violent or gory” and “intended to shock or disgust viewers,” and doesn’t allow livestreams that show someone holding, handling or transporting a firearm.

YouTube在特定情况下会作出例外,允许其认为具有教育、纪录片、科学或艺术价值,或认为符合公众利益的内容。在这些情况下,内容可能会被设定年龄限制。该公司未就其政策如何与处决相关联立即回应置评请求。

YouTube does make exceptions in select cases for content it deems to be in an educational, documentary, scientific or artistic context or that it determines to be in the public’s interest. In such cases, In such cases, the content may be age-restricted. The company did not immediately respond to a request for comment regarding how its policies relate to the execution.

但对儿童的危害不仅限于现场直播,还可能通过社交媒体以意外方式暴露,例如以表情包的形式出现。

But the danger to kids spills beyond the live broadcast to unexpected exposure on social media in the form of memes, for example.

目前尚不清楚特朗普政府在决策中是否考虑了儿童因素。两天内发给白宫发言人的多封邮件,询问总统和第一夫人梅拉尼娅·特朗普对儿童可能目睹处决一事的看法,均未得到回复。特朗普表示,他将很快就直播该事件的计划做出决定。

It’s unclear whether the Trump administration is considering children in its decision-making. Emails over two days asking White House spokespeople for thoughts from the president and first lady Melania Trump thoughts on the prospect of children seeing the execution went unanswered. Trump said that he’ll soon make a decision on the plan to livestream the event.

专家一致认为,从老式的口耳相传到社交媒体,血腥新闻总有办法传到学龄儿童耳中。他们建议考虑到孩子对冷静引导和适龄指导的需求。

From the old-fashioned grapevine to social media, grisly news has a way of reaching school-aged children, experts agree. Consider their need for calm and age-appropriate guidance, they suggest.

“对于年幼的孩子,家长应长话短说,重点在于安抚而非解释事件,”《常识媒体》首席内容官吉尔·墨菲说,该机构就娱乐和科技向家长提供建议。“让他们确信自己是安全的。对于青少年,要诚实地先问他们听到了什么,再问他们是否需要观看。”密歇根州韦恩州立大学医学院精神病学与行为神经科学系主任大卫·罗森伯格医生建议:“记住你是孩子的父母,不是他们的朋友——不要过度解释。回答孩子提出的问题,不要害怕行使父母权威,例如限制或禁止孩子接触相关画面。”

“With young kids, parents should keep it short and focus on reassurance over explaining the events,” said Jill Murphy, chief content officer at Common Sense Media, which advises parents on entertainment and technology. “Reassure them that they are safe. With teens, ask honestly what they have heard first, then ask whether they need to watch it.”Remember you are your child’s parent, not their friend — and don’t overexplain, advises Dr. David Rosenberg, chair of psychiatry and behavioral neurosciences at Wayne State University School of Medicine in Michigan. Answer the questions children ask, and don’t be afraid to assert parental authority by, for example, restricting or banning a child’s access to the footage.

“‘可以说,我没有所有的答案。但我们知道的是,你很安全,你很稳妥,这是我们的信念,’”罗森伯格说。

“It’s okay to say, ‘I don’t have all the answers. But here’s what we know, you’re safe, you’re secure, this is what we believe,’” Rosenberg said.

他补充道:“家长陷入麻烦往往是因为说得太多,而他们之所以说得太多,通常是因为自己焦虑不安。什么让孩子或青少年感到最安全?就是他们能否指望父母在充满挑战的局面下保持冷静,给他们所需的信息。”一位医生表示,选择观看画面并不一定意味着孩子在心理上已做好观看准备。

“Where parents get into trouble is when they talk too much, and they usually do that because they’re anxious and insecure,” he added. “What makes a child feel safest, or an adolescent, is can I count on my parents to be calm in challenging situations and give me the information I need?”Choosing to watch the footage, one physician said, doesn’t necessarily indicate a child is psychologically ready to do so.

匹兹堡地区精神科医生蒂莫西·莱萨卡引用了一系列研究,这些研究表明反复观看波士顿马拉松爆炸事件、ISIS斩首视频至少部分内容以及俄克拉荷马城爆炸事件的录像,可能与成人和儿童的创伤后应激有关,即使未达到创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的程度。他认为,公开哈桑的处决是一个医学和公共卫生问题。

Timothy Lesaca, a Pittsburgh-area psychiatrist, cited a series of studies showing that repeatedly watching footage of events like the Boston Marathon bombings, at least part of an ISIS beheading video and the Oklahoma City bombing can be linked to post traumatic stress, if not PTSD, in adults and children. He argues that making Hasan’s execution public is a medical and public health issue.

“持续的焦虑、睡眠困难或日常生活出现问题都应被认真对待,”莱萨卡在KevinMD.com上写道,这是一个由医生运营的在线出版物。

“Ongoing anxiety, trouble sleeping or problems with daily life should be taken seriously,” Lesaca wrote in KevinMD.com, an online publication by physicians.

罗森伯格表示,最容易出现长期负面影响的人群是那些已经患有临床抑郁或焦虑症,或曾经历过其他创伤事件的人。这是因为反复暴露于创伤可能导致累积性损伤。

The people most at risk of negative long-term effects are those who already have clinical depression or anxiety, or who have already been exposed to other traumatic situations, Rosenberg said. That’s because repeat exposure to trauma can cause cumulative damage.

负责执行决策、情绪调节、冲动控制和共情的大脑部分要到大约24岁才发育完成,因此罗森伯格建议,即使孩子已经上大学或独自生活,父母也应考虑与他们进行主动对话。

The part of the brain that handles executive decision-making, emotional regulation, impulsivity and empathy doesn’t finish developing until around age 24, and so parents should consider having proactive conversations even with their older children who may be away at college or living on their own, Rosenberg said.

“我们至少在这些情况下要提供帮助,以成为领导者、决策者,至少帮助他们做出知情决策。

“We have to at least offer help in these circumstances to be the leaders, to be the decision-makers, to at least help them make informed decisions.”Associated Press journalist Kaitlyn Huamani contributed.