汉娜·阿希罗娃 基辅，乌克兰 — — 乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基的顾问周五表示，乌克兰正在与SpaceX和五角大楼进行谈判，以解除其军事卫星通信服务的速度限制，但该国目前无法解释为何在基辅与华盛顿关系日益紧张之际施加了这一限制。
HANNA ARHIROVA KYIV, Ukraine — Ukraine is in talks with SpaceX and the Pentagon to lift a speed cap on its military satellite communication service, an adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said Friday, but the country has no explanation for why the restriction was imposed at a time when Kyiv is increasingly at odds with Washington.
该限制是在周四早上未提前通知的情况下施加的，当通信终端移动速度超过每小时160公里（100英里）时，会切断互联网数据连接，而这正是乌克兰配备Starshield（SpaceX提供的Starlink卫星服务的军用版本）的无人机常见的情况。该限制迫使无人机飞行速度低于平时，使其更容易成为俄罗斯武器的目标或被其规避。
The cap, imposed without warning early Thursday, cuts the internet data connection when a communication terminal moves faster than 160 kph (100 mph), which is common for Ukrainian drones equipped with Starshield , the military version of the Starlink satellite service offered by SpaceX. The restriction forced the drones to fly slower than usual, making it easier for Russian weapons to target or evade them.
“但我们现在明白，这不仅仅是一个技术问题，也不仅仅是一个商业问题，还涉及政治因素，”泽连斯基的国防技术顾问谢尔希·别斯克雷斯托夫在接受美联社采访时表示。
“But we now understand that this is not only a technical issue and not only a business issue, but also a political one,” Serhii Beskrestnov, a defense technology adviser to Zelenskyy, told The Associated Press in an interview.
“这一问题将如何发展，谁将做出决定，谁会影响这些决定，我们只能猜测，”他说。
“How this will develop, who will make this decision, who influences these decisions, we can only guess,” he said.
SpaceX创始人埃隆·马斯克本周表示，美国政府拥有并控制Starshield，其使用决策权在于美国军方，最终归属于唐纳德·特朗普总统。五角大楼尚未就该限制向美联社作出回应。
SpaceX founder Elon Musk said this week that the U.S. government owns and controls Starshield, with decisions about its use resting with the American military and, ultimately, with President Donald Trump. The Pentagon has not answered questions from AP about the restriction.
特朗普周五对记者表示，他并未下达对该系统的限制令。他还怀疑这一中断并非由马斯克造成。
Trump told reporters Friday that he did not order restrictions on the system. He also doubted that the disruption came from Musk.
“well，我不知道是不是谁干的，但肯定不是我，我也不认为是埃隆，”特朗普在离开前往佐治亚州之前，在白宫外说道。“而且根据我的了解，情况一直如此。”此事进一步加剧了基辅与华盛顿之间本已紧张的关系，这种紧张关系此前因特朗普与俄罗斯达成的柴油进口协议而加剧——乌克兰将其视为背叛——以及泽连斯基所描述的西方情报共享机制的崩溃。
“Well, I don’t know if it was anybody, but it wasn’t me, and I don’t think it was Elon,” Trump said outside the White House before leaving for Georgia. “And from what I understand, it’s the same as it’s always been.”The episode adds to the deteriorating relations between Kyiv and Washington that were already strained by Trump’s deal to import Russian diesel , which Ukraine viewed as a betrayal, and by what Zelenskyy described as a breakdown in Western intelligence sharing .
限速措施扰乱了前线作战，使乌克兰更容易受到俄罗斯喷气动力 Shahed 无人机的威胁，这些无人机的飞行速度超过每小时 400 公里（250 英里）。基辅最近在经历了数周的持续袭击后找到了应对这些无人机的方法，这些袭击导致数十名平民死亡。
The speed restriction disrupted front-line operations and left Ukraine more exposed to Russia’s jet-powered Shahed drones , which fly at more than 400 kph (250 mph). Kyiv recently found a way to counter the drones after weeks of relentless attacks that killed dozens of civilians.
乌克兰依赖 Starshield 来控制拦截无人机，这些无人机以远高于限速的速度追击喷气动力无人机。此前 Starshield 没有速度限制。
Ukraine relies on Starshield, which previously had no speed limit, to control interceptor drones that chase down the jet-powered drones at speeds far above the cap.
“我们武装部队的人员表明该解决方案有效运作，”贝斯克雷斯诺夫说。“然后出现了意外：在某一刻，这个解决方案停止保护我们的国家。”贝斯克雷斯诺夫还说，该限速也影响了乌克兰用于追击螺旋桨动力 Shahed 无人机的直升机。
“Our guys in the armed forces are showing that the solution works effectively,” Beskrestnov said. “And then comes a surprise: At one moment, this solution stops protecting our country.”The cap also affects Ukrainian helicopters that hunt propeller-driven Shahed drones, Beskrestnov said.
Starshield 是乌克兰无人机行动的骨干。贝斯克雷斯诺夫将其描述为由五角大楼和美国政府管理、并向伙伴国家提供军事使用的套餐。它与民用卫星服务有独立的费用和条款，并且提供更稳定、优先级更高的连接。
Starshield is the backbone of Ukraine’s drone operations. Beskrestnov described it as a package managed by the Pentagon and the U.S. government and offered to partner countries for military use. It has separate fees and terms from the civilian satellite service, as well as a more stable, higher priority connection.
贝斯克雷斯诺夫强调，Starshield 不用于俄罗斯领土，也不为乌克兰用于在那里攻击炼油厂的无人机提供服务。
Beskrestnov stressed that it is not used on Russian territory and that Starshield provides no service to Ukrainian drones used to attack oil refineries there .
限速生效后，乌克兰几乎立即开始公开讨论此事，因为“无法隐瞒”，如此多的单位依赖该服务，贝斯克雷斯诺夫说。他是首位公开确认该限速的乌克兰官员。
After the restriction took effect, Ukraine began speaking about it almost immediately because it “could not be hidden,” with so many units relying on the service, Beskrestnov said. He was the first Ukrainian official to publicly confirm the restriction.
随后问题不断积累，贝斯克雷斯诺夫说，除了限速之外还出现了通信中断，这很可能是由新限制引起的。乌克兰提出问题后，SpaceX 修复了中断，但限速仍然存在。
Problems soon mounted, Beskrestnov said, with communication outages on top of the speed restriction, most likely caused by the new limits. After Ukraine raised the issue, SpaceX fixed the outages, but the cap remained in place.
贝斯克雷斯诺夫说，乌克兰正在尝试确定是否可以切换到专为飞机设计且无速度限制的独立 Starshield 套餐，或者解除当前服务上的限制。他表示，航空套餐费用更高，这对乌克兰来说也将是困难的。
Ukraine is trying to find out whether it can switch to a separate Starshield package designed for aircraft that has no speed limit, or have the restriction on the current service lifted, Beskrestnov said. The aviation package costs much more, which would also be difficult for Ukraine, he said.
“我们目前正在与五角大楼、SpaceX以及美国政府进行积极谈判。目前，我们还不知道决定会是什么，”他说。
“We are now in active negotiations with the Pentagon, SpaceX and the U.S. government. And right now, we don’t know what the decision will be,” he said.
乌克兰正在寻找Starlink的替代方案，不仅是为了在失去访问权限时作为保障，也是因为俄罗斯已经在寻找对抗Starlink的方法，Beskrestnov表示。俄罗斯军队正在前线各处部署电子战系统，以干扰该网络，他说。
Ukraine is looking for alternatives to Starlink not only as a safeguard in case it loses access, but also because Russia is already seeking ways to counter Starlink, Beskrestnov said. Russian forces are deploying electronic warfare systems at various points along the front line to disrupt the network, he said.
乌克兰还在探索其他选项，包括亚马逊正在建设的卫星网络以及欧洲Eutelsat的OneWeb，Beskrestnov表示。
Ukraine is also exploring other options, including a satellite network Amazon is building and OneWeb by Europe’s Eutelsat, Beskrestnov said.
卫星互联网对乌克兰的意义不仅限于战场，因为它也支持平民和军队的士气，Beskrestnov表示。
Satellite internet matters to Ukraine beyond combat, as it also supports civilians and the morale of troops, Beskrestnov said.
“在许多阵地，Starlink是他们与家人通话的唯一途径，”他说。“很少有人会想到这一点，但它对支持军队非常重要。”虽然乌克兰正试图解决Starshield的限制，但技术竞赛的下一阶段已经逼近，Beskrestnov表示，并指出俄罗斯的“黎明”卫星网络。
“On many positions, Starlink is the only way to talk to their families,” he said. “Few people think about it, but it is very important for supporting the military.”While Ukraine tries to resolve the Starshield restriction, the next phase of the technology race looms, Beskrestnov said, pointing to Russia’s Rassvet satellite network.
“对我来说，这是俄罗斯目前对我们提出的技术挑战中的头号危险，”他说。“而且不仅仅是对乌克兰，也是对欧洲。”他表示，他认为俄罗斯已经获得了通过卫星实时控制Shahed无人机、侦察无人机，甚至像Banderol和Dan-M这样的廉价导弹的能力。“这真的会对每个人造成巨大灾难，”他说。
“For me, this is danger No. 1 among the technological challenges Russia poses to us right now,” he said. “And not only for Ukraine, but for Europe too.”He said he believes Russia is already gaining the ability to control Shahed drones, reconnaissance drones and even cheap missiles such as the Banderol and Dan-M by satellite in real time. “This really will be a big catastrophe for everyone,” he said.
简单来说，卫星连接将使俄罗斯操作员能够直接操控无人机和导弹，从而使乌克兰在全国范围内建设的用于干扰它们的电子战网络变得毫无用处。
Simply put, the satellite connection would allow Russian operators to steer drones and missiles directly, rendering useless the electronic-warfare network Ukraine has built across the country to jam them.
“他们将能够实时对全国进行精准打击，”Beskrestnov说。
“They will be able to attack the whole country in real time, and do it very precisely,” Beskrestnov said.
俄罗斯已经拥有对乌克兰的覆盖窗口，他说。当其卫星经过上空时，它们能提供30至40分钟的临时覆盖。他说，他认为全覆盖可能很快就会实现，大约六个月内。
Russia already has windows of coverage over Ukraine, he said. When its satellites pass overhead, they provide temporary coverage for 30 to 40 minutes. He said he believes full coverage could come quickly, in about six months.
贝斯克雷斯托夫表示，乌克兰正在研发对策，包括制裁。但这项任务很艰巨。俄罗斯工程师拥有一台可用的星链系统来测试他们的干扰，而乌克兰则必须针对一个尚未完全运行的系统来构建防御。
Beskrestnov said Ukraine is working on countermeasures, including sanctions. But the task is hard. Russian engineers had a working Starlink to test their jamming against, while Ukraine has to build defenses against a system that is not yet fully operating.
“我们需要行动，”他说。“等到俄罗斯开始利用它来攻击我们的基础设施和我们时，我们必须已经开发出手段、大规模生产并部署它们以进行防护。”
“We need to move,” he said. “By the time Russia starts using it to attack our infrastructure and us, we must already have developed the means, produced them in large numbers and deployed them for protection.”