滴答——美国的时钟将在本周日拨回一小时。如果特朗普总统和一些志同道合的议员如愿以偿，这可能是最后一次拨表。但让夏令时永久化的争论，甚至在总统所在的党派内部也颇具分歧。众议院今年早些时候通过了《阳光保护法案》，该法案将终止每半年一次的拨表，但参议院尚未着手处理。特朗普一直是永久实行夏令时的坚定支持者，他抨击参议院“让夏令时法案夭折，而绝大多数民众都想要它”。
Tick tock – clocks in America will fall back this Sunday. It could be the last time, if President Trump and some like-minded lawmakers get their way. But the debate over making daylight saving time permanent has proven divisive even within the president’s party. The House passed the Sunshine Protection Act earlier this year, which would end the semiannual clock change, but the Senate has yet to pick it up. Trump has been a big proponent for the permanent change, slamming the Senate for “letting the Daylight Saving Bill die, when a vast Majority of the Country want it.”
“大多数人要求傍晚有光，但所有人都不想再拨表了，”他在本周早些时候在 Truth Social 上写道。“投票表决吧！”国会目前处于休会状态，要等到时钟拨回后才会复会。周一在密西西比州的集会上，特朗普称拨表“荒谬”，并说它“让所有人抓狂，这已是没人想再做的事了。”他引用数据指出，傍晚光照更充足时犯罪会减少。
“Most people are demanding light in the evening, but ALL want not to change their clocks anymore,” he wrote on Truth Social earlier this week. “TAKE A VOTE!”Congress isn’t currently in session, and won’t be back until after the clocks change. At his Mississippi rally on Monday, Trump called the clock change “ridiculous” and said it “drives everyone crazy, which nobody wants to do anymore.”He pointed to data showing less crime is committed when there’s more light in the evening.
本月早些时候，他辩称拨表“让国家付出巨大代价，不利于治安，给民众带来压力，影响体育运动，以及几乎你能想象到的一切。”但辩论双方都能引用数据证明自己的观点。众议员玛丽·盖里·斯坎隆（民主党-宾夕法尼亚州）和众议员帕特·哈里根（共和党-北卡罗来纳州）于7月联合提出两党法案《阳光为孩子法案》，该法案将确立永久标准时间（即目前11月至次年3月实行的时间）。
Earlier this month, he argued the setback “costs our Country a fortune, is bad for Crime, stress on people, Sports, and just about everything else you can imagine.”But voices on both sides of the debate can cite data proving their case. Rep. Mary Gary Scanlon (D-PA) and Rep. Pat Harrigan (R-NC) introduced bipartisan legislation in July called the Sunshine for Our Kids Act that would establish a permanent standard time (the current norm from November to March).
他们担心傍晚光照增加会导致清晨天色昏暗，影响上学儿童和通勤者。“几十年来，科学家和医学专业人士一直强调，每年两次拨表对心理和生理健康有害，尤其是对儿童和青少年，”斯坎隆在声明中说。至少有一位共和党人同意他们的观点：参议员汤姆·科顿（共和党-阿肯色州），他通常是特朗普的坚定支持者。
They worry more sunlight in the evenings leaves mornings dark for schoolchildren and commuters. “For decades, scientists and medical professionals have highlighted the detrimental mental and physical health impacts of twice-a-year clock changes, particularly on children and teens,” Scanlon said in a statement. At least one Republican agrees with them: Sen. Tom Cotton (R-Ark.), typically a staunch Trump supporter.
“没有人喜欢拨表，我也是，但国会以前曾多次通过永久夏令时法案，每次美国人一经历冬季日出荒谬地晚，就将其废除，”他在本月初发在X平台的一篇帖子中写道。“阿肯色州人不希望孩子在漆黑中上学，我将永远把阿肯色州放在首位。”
“No one likes changing the clock, me included, but Congress has enacted permanent Daylight Savings Time multiple times before and repealed it each time once Americans experienced absurdly late sunrises in the winter,” he wrote in a post on X earlier this month. “Arkansans don’t want their kids going to school in the pitch dark, and I’ll always put Arkansas first.”
美联社-NORC民调中心去年10月的一项民调发现，12%的美国成年人支持每年两次调整时间，47%的人反对，40%的人持无所谓态度。约56%的人表示他们倾向于全年实行夏令时，而42%的人则宁愿全年实行标准时间。
An AP-NORC poll from last October found that 12 percent of U.S. adults favor the twice-a-year change, while 47 percent oppose it and 40 percent are indifferent about it. Some 56 percent said they would prefer daylight saving time year-round, while 42 percent said they would rather standard daylight time year-round.
高尔夫球行业是“傍晚多一点日光对生意——以及整体经济更有利”这一论点的主要支持者，理由是更多人会在下班、放学后继续留在户外。“总体而言，永久夏令时被视为对高尔夫行业更有利，特别是对小企业收入、球场可及性以及大众休闲娱乐和福祉，”全美高尔夫球场业主协会首席执行官杰伊·卡伦去年在参议院一个委员会作证时表示。“我们的行业与日光有着独特的联系，可比赛小时数直接影响我们能提供的比赛场次、雇佣的员工数量以及产生的收入，尤其是在下午晚些时候和傍晚早些时候。”
The golfing industry is a leading proponent of the argument that more daylight in the evenings is better for business – and the economy generally, with more people staying out after work and school. “Overall, permanent DST is viewed as more beneficial to the golf industry, particularly for small business revenue, accessibility to the game, and general recreational enjoyment and benefits,” National Golf Course Owners Association CEO Jay Karen testified before a Senate committee last year. “Our industry is uniquely tied to daylight, and the number of playable hours directly affects the number of rounds we can offer, the staff we employ, and the revenue we generate, especially in the late afternoon and early evening.”
摩根大通研究院的一项分析发现，在洛杉矶，与不实行夏令时的菲尼克斯等城市相比，人均借记卡支出在夏令时开始时上升了0.9%。然而，夏令时结束后，支出下降了3.5%。
An analysis from JP Morgan Chase Institute found that in Los Angeles, when compared to a city like Phoenix that does not observe daylight saving, debit card spending per capita rose at the beginning of daylight saving by 0.9 percent. However, spending dropped 3.5 percent following the end of daylight saving time.
全国便利店协会倡导传播总监安迪·欧文表示，该协会对永久实行夏令时“没有官方立场，虽然我们对此会感到满意”。他说：“将日照时间移至一天结束时往往有利于商业，因为它为正常下班后的购物提供了更多时间。我们想要对商业有利的东西。”研究确实支持特朗普的论点，即永久实行夏令时会减少犯罪和事故。一项研究发现，全年实行夏令时将使行人死亡减少13%，机动车乘员死亡减少3%。
Andy Owen, the director of advocacy communications at the National Association of Convenience Stores, said the association doesn’t take an official position on permanent daylight saving time “although we would be comfortable with it.”“Shifting daylight to the end of the day tends to be good for business because it provides more time for shopping after regular work hours,” he said. “We want what’s good for businesses.”Studies do support Trump’s argument that crime and accidents occur less with permanent daylight saving time. One study found that full-year daylight saving would reduce pedestrian fatalities by 13 percent and motor vehicle occupant fatalities by 3 percent.
同样，研究发现，全天抢劫案减少约7%，在获得阳光的晚间一小时内减少27%。弗吉尼亚理工大学副教授大卫·比耶里编制了一份简报，说明如果永久实行夏令时，哪些州获益最多、最少。他发现，永久夏令时在北方和时区东侧地区回报更高，如西雅图、波士顿和芝加哥。他说：“永久夏令时的安全理由在波士顿等地最强，在印第安纳波利斯等地最弱。”
Similarly, research has found that robberies drop about 7 percent for the entire day and 27 percent during the evening hour when sunlight is gained. David Bieri, an associate professor at Virginia Tech, put together a brief on which states would benefit the most and least if daylight saving time was made permanent. He found that permanent daylight saving time would pay off more in the north and on the eastern side of the time zones, like Seattle, Boston and Chicago. "Permanent daylight time's safety case is strongest in places like Boston and weakest in places like Indianapolis,” he said.
虽然特朗普称每年两次调整时钟是“给人们带来压力”，但美国睡眠医学学会、美国医学会和生物节律研究学会等健康协会都表示，标准时间比夏令时更有利于健康。弗吉尼亚理工大学弗拉林生物医学研究所教授卡拉·芬基尔斯顿博士在谈到与调整时间相关的健康影响时说：“既有即时冲击，也有缓慢燃烧。”“研究人员报告称，在春季调整后的前几天，睡眠时间缩短、表现变差、心脏病发作比相邻周增加，交通事故也可能增加。”她说。
And while Trump said the twice-a-year clock change is “stress on people,” health associations like the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, the American Medical Association and the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms all say standard daylight time is better for health than daylight saving time. “There’s the immediate hit and then there’s the slow burn,” Dr. Carla Finkielston, a professor with Virginia Tech’s Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, said of the health effects linked to the time changes. “In the first few days after the spring change, researchers have reported shorter sleep, worse performance, a bump in heart attacks compared with neighboring weeks, and possibly more traffic accidents,” she said.
“慢性损耗是指长期存在的错位，我们称之为‘社会时差’。背负更多这种错位的人群，患糖尿病、肥胖、心脏病、抑郁症和某些癌症的比率更高，同时睡眠时间更短，在情绪和思维方面也面临更多困扰。”
“The slow burn is the mismatch that sticks around, which we call social jetlag. Populations carrying more of that mismatch show higher rates of diabetes, obesity, heart disease, depression, and some cancers, along with shorter sleep and more trouble with mood and thinking.”
她补充道：“逻辑很简单。标准时间是墙上的时钟最接近头顶太阳位置的安排，因此对我们的生物钟要求最低。”
“The logic is simple enough. Standard Time is the arrangement where the clock on the wall sits closest to the sun overhead, so it asks the least of our biology,” she added.
虽然特朗普曾表示，调整时钟“是一大不便，对我们的政府来说，是一笔极其高昂的开支”，但研究发现，夏令时实际上成本更高。Chmura Economics & Analytics 的研究发现，美国夏令时的总经济成本估计每年约为 6.7202 亿美元，源于因睡眠损失导致的生产力下降、伤害和事故。
While Trump has said the changing of the clocks is “a big inconvenience, and for our government, a VERY COSTLY EVENT,” studies have found that DST actually costs more. Research from Chmura Economics & Analytics found that the total economic cost of DST in the U.S. is estimated at roughly $672.02 million annually, between lost productivity, injuries and accidents due to the sleep loss.
参议院多数党领袖约翰·图恩（共和党-南达科他州）似乎并不急于推进特朗普关于夏令时的要求。他本月早些时候表示，尽管众议院以 308 票对 117 票通过了法案，但在参议院，永久实行夏令时并没有明确的成功投票路径。民主党若成为多数党是否会倾向于做出改变，仍有待观察。
Senate Majority Leader John Thune (R-S.D.) doesn’t seem anxious to move on Trump’s daylight savings demands. He said earlier this month that there was no clear path for a successful vote on permanent daylight saving time in the Senate, despite the House passing the bill in a 308-117 vote. Whether a Democratic majority would be inclined to make a change remains to be seen.
比耶里说：“时钟是共享基础设施——像度量衡一样的公共物品。当证据难分伯仲时，华盛顿不应再次选择有利于已拥有最多优势地区的方案。”
"The clock is shared infrastructure — a public good like weights and measures,” Bieri said. “When the evidence is a coin toss, Washington shouldn't pick the option that once again favours the places that already have the most."