英格兰高等教育监管机构表示，太多大学生能够利用人工智能完成考核而不被教职员工发现。
Too many university students can use AI to complete assessments without staff finding out, the higher education regulator in England has said.
英格兰高等教育办公室（OfS）称，“相当大比例”的考核是无人监督的，许多考核能够在几分钟内利用人工智能达到高标准完成。
The Office for Students (OfS) said "a significant proportion" of assessments are unsupervised and many can be completed to a high standard with AI, sometimes in minutes.
该机构表示，这对考核的可信度构成了“重大风险”，闭卷考试和实践考核是最有效的考核形式。
It said this posed a "significant risk" to their credibility, and closed-book and practical exams were the most effective forms of assessments.
英国大学协会表示，许多院校已做出“重大改变”，使考核“防AI作弊”。
Universities UK said many institutions had "made substantial changes" to make assessments "AI-proof".
根据目前正在征求意见的提案，未达到OfS质量标准的大学可能很快被禁止收取上涨的学费，或面临学生人数上限限制。
Universities that do not meet OfS quality standards could soon be banned from charging increased tuition fees or have caps imposed on their student numbers, under proposals that are now being consulted on.
OfS与促进高等教育协会（Advance HE，一家颁发教学卓越奖项的慈善机构）的最新研究基于来自至少127所大学的244名高等教育教职员工和91名学生的观点。
The new research from the OfS and Advance HE, a charity that gives awards for teaching excellence, is based on the views of 244 higher education staff and 91 students from at least 127 universities.
报告称，“相当大比例的考核”采用“无人监督、非受控形式，完成考核的学生可以使用人工智能”。
It said "a significant proportion of assessments" were in "unsupervised, non-controlled formats where AI can be accessed by students completing them".
报告补充道：“许多此类考核只需学生有限度参与，即可利用人工智能工具达到高标准完成。”
"Many of these can be completed to a high standard using AI tools with limited engagement from students," it added.
报告还得出结论，学生“经常能够”以“无法可靠检测”的方式使用人工智能。
It also concluded it was "frequently possible" for students to use AI "in ways that cannot be reliably detected".
无人监督考核包括课程作业，也包括远程在线考试。这类考核在新冠疫情期间大规模推广，斯旺西大学去年的研究表明，英国仍有93所大学以某种形式使用它们。
Unsupervised assessment can include coursework, but also remote online exams. They were rolled out widely during Covid, and research from Swansea University last year suggests 93 universities in the UK still use them in some form.
OfS战略与执行总监乔什·弗莱明表示，大学抓住人工智能带来的机遇有“极好”案例，但应“大幅增加无AI考核的使用”。
Josh Fleming, director of strategy and delivery at the OfS, said there were "fantastic" examples of universities seizing opportunities presented by AI, but there should be "far greater use of AI-free assessment".
他还说：“就现行体制而言，这也带来了代际风险，威胁到学生的学习以及院校对他们的考核能力。”
"It also presents a generational risk to the system as it stands, threatening to undermine students' learning and institutions' ability to assess them," he said.
Advance HE副首席执行官Kathryn Harrison-Graves表示，学生希望“对他们有什么要求有更清晰的了解”，但教职员工的“信心和支持程度参差不齐”。
Kathryn Harrison-Graves, deputy chief executive at Advance HE, said students wanted "greater clarity about what is expected of them" but staff had "varying levels of confidence and support".
OfS表示，曾听说有学生在几分钟内利用AI完成整份作业，并获得与未使用AI的学生相似的成绩。
The OfS said it had heard of cases where students were completing entire assessments within minutes using AI and receiving similar grades to those who had not.
与此同时，一些教职员工收到大量外观相似的作业，并不认为其所在机构的评估“适合目的”。
Some staff, meanwhile, were receiving lots of assignments that looked the same, and did not think their institution's assessments were "fit for purpose".
其他教职员工描述了一种“两极分化的氛围”，存在于使用AI的学生与其他因环境等原因拒绝使用AI的“良心拒服者”之间。
Other staff described a "polarised atmosphere" between students who used AI and other "conscientious objectors" who avoided it on environmental and other grounds.
研究指出，AI素养对学生在校期间和毕业后都很重要，一些院校已明确告知学生在评估中哪里可以使用AI、哪里不可以。
The research said AI literacy for students was important during and after university, and some institutions were clearly communicating to students where AI can and cannot be used in assessments.
但研究称，“迫切需要”确保远程或“非安全”评估“尽管有AI工具可用，仍能保持其效度，即它们能有效评估其旨在衡量的知识和技能”。
But it said there was "an urgent need" to ensure that remote or "non-secure" assessments "maintain their validity despite the availability of AI tools, meaning they effectively assess the knowledge and skills they are designed to measure".
研究补充道：“如果利用AI在不具备被测试的知识和技能的情况下完成评估成为可能，该评估应予以替换。”
"If it becomes possible to complete an assessment using AI without the knowledge and skills being tested, the assessment should be replaced," it added.
代表140多所院校的Universities UK表示，大学在适应AI方面“取得了重大进展”。
Universities UK, which represents more than 140 institutions, said universities were "making significant progress" adapting to AI.
一位发言人表示：“还有进一步的路要走，但许多院校已在评估学生的方式上做出了重大改变。这包括更多的现场考试、演示、口试、基于过程的评估，以及以受控方式整合AI的评估。”
"There is further to go but many have made substantial changes to how they assess students. This includes more in-person exams, presentations, vivas, process-based assessment and assessments that integrate AI in a controlled way," a spokesperson said.
“不同学科需要不同的做法，大学应有灵活性采用最能支持学习成果的评估方式。”全国学生联盟的刘易斯·威尔逊表示，人工智能正威胁着学生和教职员工“一直认为不合适”的“传统”学习方式——包括论文题目、讲义和幻灯片。
"Different subjects will require different approaches, and universities should have the flexibility to adopt assessment methods that best support learning outcomes." Lewis Wilson, from the National Union of Students, said AI was threatening "traditional" ways of learning that students and staff "have long said is not fit for purpose" - including essay questions, handouts and slideshows.
“是时候摒弃以传统之名保留下来的过时方法，转而鼓励我们在全行业看到的创新实践，这些实践与学生共同设计，基于他们对高等教育的需求，”他说。
"It's time to get rid of the outdated methods, that have been kept around in the name of tradition, and instead encourage the innovative practice we see across the sector, co-designed with students based on what they want from higher education," he said.