从为视频游戏开发图形芯片到驱动全球人工智能革命，英伟达三十年的转型始终与联合创始人黄仁勋的愿景和领导密不可分。这位63岁的创始人在周四因婚外情争议以及据称与中国情报机构的关联而辞去首席执行官职务，引发了外界对这位将相对不为人知的芯片制造商打造为科技巨头的人的新关注。
From developing graphics chips for video games to powering the global artificial intelligence revolution, Nvidia’s transformation over three decades has been closely tied to the vision and leadership of co-founder Jensen Huang. The 63-year-old’s resignation as CEO on Thursday following a controversy over extramarital affairs and alleged links to Chinese intelligence, has brought renewed attention to the man who turned a relatively unknown chipmaker into a technology powerhouse.
英伟达如今是全球最有价值的公司之一，提供驱动人工智能模型、数据中心和高性能计算系统的先进处理器。但它的崛起始于1993年，当时黄仁勋与另外两位工程师着手提升计算机图形，以服务视频游戏和多媒体应用。
Nvidia is today one of the world’s most valuable companies, supplying the advanced processors that power artificial intelligence models, data centres and high-performance computing systems. But its journey to the top began in 1993, when Huang and two other engineers set out to improve computer graphics for video games and multimedia applications.
在接下来的33年里，黄仁勋引领公司经历了多次重大技术变革。他将英伟达从竞争激烈的个人电脑图形市场带入并行计算、人工智能，最终进入支撑生成式人工智能热潮的基础设施领域。公司的演进并非仅仅是研发更快的显卡，而是预见计算方式的变化，并将英伟达的技术定位于满足这些新兴需求。
Over the next 33 years, Huang steered the company through several major technological shifts. He took Nvidia from the competitive PC graphics market into parallel computing, artificial intelligence and, eventually, the infrastructure powering the generative AI boom. The company’s evolution was not simply about developing faster graphics cards. It involved anticipating how computing would change and positioning Nvidia’s technology to meet those emerging needs.
以下是黄仁勋如何将英伟达从显卡制造商塑造成全球半导体领袖的历程。起点：围绕计算机图形打造公司英伟达于1993年4月5日由黄仁勋、克里斯·马拉乔斯基和柯蒂斯·普里姆创立。
Here’s how Huang shaped Nvidia’s journey from a graphics card maker into a global semiconductor leader. The beginning: Building a company around computer graphicsNvidia was founded on April 5, 1993, by Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky and Curtis Priem.
三位工程师怀有一个共同的愿景：将先进的3D图形技术带入游戏和多媒体市场。根据英伟达的公司历史，创始人认为专用图形处理器可以让计算机在处理复杂视觉任务时表现显著更好。黄仁勋此前曾在半导体公司超威半导体（AMD）和LSI Logic工作，带来了芯片设计和半导体行业的经验。早年充满挑战。英伟达的首款重要产品NV1未能使公司成为主导者。
The three engineers shared a vision of bringing advanced 3D graphics to the gaming and multimedia markets. According to Nvidia’s corporate history, the founders believed that specialised graphics processors could make computers significantly better at handling complex visual tasks. Huang, who had previously worked at semiconductor companies Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and LSI Logic, brought experience in chip design and the semiconductor industry. The early years were challenging. Nvidia’s first major product, the NV1, failed to establish the company as a dominant player.
在随后的NV2项目被取消后，公司还面临财务困难。一个关键的转折点出现在英伟达的NV2开发计划失败后，公司获得了世嘉的投资。黄仁勋后来回忆说，这笔资金帮助公司活了下来。英伟达没有继续沿用最初的做法，而是转向开发基于微软DirectX标准的图形技术。这一决定帮助公司留在了竞争之中，并为其最终在PC图形市场取得成功奠定了基础。
It also faced financial difficulties after its subsequent NV2 project was cancelled.A crucial turning point came when Nvidia secured an investment from Sega following the failure of its NV2 development programme. Huang later recalled that the funding helped keep the company alive. Rather than continuing with its original approach, Nvidia shifted towards developing graphics technology based on Microsoft’s DirectX standards. The decision helped the company stay in the race and laid the groundwork for its eventual success in the PC graphics market.
GeForce：让英伟达崭露头角的突破。英伟达历史上一个决定性时刻出现在1999年，当时公司推出了GeForce 256，英伟达将其描述为世界上第一款GPU。这款图形处理器旨在处理复杂的图形计算，从而解放计算机的中央处理器（CPU）去执行其他任务。这次发布帮助英伟达确立了在PC游戏市场中重要竞争者的地位。
GeForce: The breakthrough that put Nvidia on the mapA defining moment in Nvidia’s history came in 1999, when it introduced the GeForce 256, which the company described as the world’s first GPU. The graphics processing unit was designed to handle complex graphics calculations, freeing the computer’s central processing unit (CPU) to perform other tasks. The launch helped establish Nvidia as a serious contender in the PC gaming market.
其GeForce系列随后成为游戏玩家和电脑爱好者中最知名的显卡品牌之一。在黄仁勋的领导下，英伟达持续投资GPU研发，提升图形性能，并推出改变了电子游戏渲染方式的技术。公司的影响力从游戏扩展到专业图形、视觉特效、科学计算以及其他需要大量处理能力的应用领域。据英伟达网站介绍，GPU的发明帮助重新定义了计算机图形学，并为公司向加速计算领域扩张奠定了基础。
Its GeForce range subsequently became one of the best-known graphics card brands among gamers and computer enthusiasts. Under Huang’s leadership, Nvidia continued investing in GPU development, improving graphics performance and introducing technologies that changed how video games were rendered. The company’s influence expanded beyond gaming to professional graphics, visual effects, scientific computing and other applications requiring substantial processing power. According to Nvidia website, the invention of the GPU helped redefine computer graphics and set the stage for the company’s expansion into accelerated computing.
重大赌注：让GPU走出游戏领域或许黄仁勋最具影响的战略决策，是认识到GPU的用途远不止渲染图形。2006年，英伟达推出CUDA，这是一个并行计算平台，让开发者能够将其GPU用于通用计算应用。传统上，GPU与图像和图形处理联系在一起。然而，GPU能够同时执行数千次计算，这使其对科学研究、模拟和复杂数学工作负载特别有用。
The big bet: Taking GPUs beyond gamingPerhaps Jensen Huang’s most consequential strategic decision was to recognise that GPUs could be used for much more than rendering graphics. In 2006, Nvidia introduced CUDA, a parallel computing platform that allowed developers to use its GPUs for general-purpose computing applications. Traditionally, GPUs were associated with processing images and graphics. However, their ability to perform thousands of calculations simultaneously made them particularly useful for scientific research, simulations and complex mathematical workloads.CUDA opened up this capability to developers, researchers and businesses.
CUDA向开发者、研究人员和企业开放了这一能力。它还给英伟达带来了超越硬件本身的优势。开发者可以围绕其软件生态系统构建应用和计算系统，从而为其处理器创造长期需求。这一举措要求英伟达投资一个当时尚未成为主要收入来源的市场。
It also gave Nvidia an advantage that went beyond hardware. Developers could build applications and computing systems around its software ecosystem, creating long-term demand for its processors. The move required Nvidia to invest in a market that was not yet a major source of revenue.
但这最终成为公司转型的核心。AI突破：英伟达芯片成为机器学习的核心随着人工智能研究的推进，黄仁勋投资GPU驱动计算的决定被证明尤为重要。重大突破出现在2012年，当时研究人员使用英伟达GPU训练AlexNet，这是一个神经网络，在ImageNet竞赛的图像识别中取得了里程碑式的成果。这一进展展示了GPU如何能够大幅加速人工智能系统的训练。
But it would eventually become central to the company’s transformation. The AI breakthrough: Nvidia chips become central to machine learningHuang’s decision to invest in GPU-powered computing proved particularly significant as artificial intelligence research advanced.A major breakthrough came in 2012, when researchers used Nvidia GPUs to train AlexNet, a neural network that achieved a landmark result in image recognition at the ImageNet competition. The development demonstrated how GPUs could dramatically accelerate the training of artificial intelligence systems.
英伟达将AlexNet的突破视为公司历史上具有决定性意义的时刻之一，也是现代AI时代的催化剂。黄仁勋随后将AI作为公司战略的核心重点，投资于专为机器学习设计的芯片、软件和计算基础设施。这使得英伟达在2022年11月ChatGPT发布后生成式AI获得主流关注时得以受益。随着科技公司竞相开发日益复杂的人工智能模型，对英伟达处理器的需求激增。
Nvidia identifies the AlexNet breakthrough as one of the defining moments in its history and a catalyst for the modern AI era. Huang subsequently made AI a central focus of the company’s strategy, investing in chips, software and computing infrastructure designed specifically for machine learning. This positioned Nvidia to benefit when generative AI gained mainstream attention following the launch of ChatGPT in November 2022. As technology companies raced to develop increasingly sophisticated AI models, demand for Nvidia’s processors surged.
从销售芯片到构建完整AI基础设施在黄仁勋的领导下，英伟达逐渐从单一图形处理器的供应商转变为完整计算平台的提供者。其业务扩展到AI芯片、网络设备、软件和集成数据中心系统。公司最重要的产品之一是其数据中心GPU产品组合，其中包括Hopper和Blackwell架构。这些处理器旨在处理训练和运行大型AI模型所涉及的巨大计算需求。
From selling chips to building entire AI infrastructureUnder Jensen Huang, Nvidia gradually moved beyond being a supplier of individual graphics processors to becoming a provider of complete computing platforms. Its business expanded to include AI chips, networking equipment, software and integrated data centre systems. One of the company’s most important offerings is its data centre GPU portfolio, which includes the Hopper and Blackwell architectures. These processors are designed to handle the enormous computing requirements involved in training and running large AI models.
英伟达还开发了高速网络技术，使数千个处理器能够作为大型计算系统的一部分协同工作。其CUDA软件生态系统通过为开发者提供针对英伟达硬件优化的应用构建工具，进一步巩固了其地位。公司的战略英伟达一直致力于销售集成计算平台，而非仅仅在单个芯片的性能上竞争。这帮助英伟达成为主要科技公司、云服务提供商和人工智能开发商的关键供应商。
Nvidia also developed high-speed networking technologies that allow thousands of processors to work together as part of large computing systems. Its CUDA software ecosystem has further strengthened its position by giving developers tools to build applications optimised for Nvidia hardware. The company’s strategy has been to sell an integrated computing platform rather than simply compete on the performance of individual chips. This has helped Nvidia become a critical supplier to major technology companies, cloud service providers and artificial intelligence developers.
数字：黄仁勋执掌下英伟达的转变根据该公司向美国证券交易委员会提交的2026财年年度报告，英伟达营收达到2159亿美元，较上一财年增长65%。其数据中心业务创造了1937亿美元营收，而游戏业务贡献了160亿美元。数据中心目前占其总营收的近90%，使人工智能基础设施成为其最大业务。英伟达的增长也使其成为全球市值最高的公司之一，市值达到约4万亿美元。
The numbers: How Nvidia transformed under HuangAccording to the company’s fiscal year 2026 annual report filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission, Nvidia recorded revenue of $215.9 billion, a 65% increase from the previous financial year. Its Data Center business generated $193.7 billion in revenue, while gaming contributed $16 billion. Data Center now accounts for nearly 90% of its total revenue, making AI infrastructure its biggest business. Nvidia’s growth has also made it one of the world’s most valuable companies, with its market capitalisation reaching around $4 trillion.
该公司还扩展到其他多个行业，包括医疗健康、机器人、自动驾驶汽车、科学研究和专业可视化。黄仁勋的退出：33年篇章的终结黄仁勋的辞职标志着他与英伟达领导层33年关系的终结。
The company has also expanded into several other industries, including healthcare, robotics, autonomous vehicles, scientific research and professional visualisation. Jensen Huang’s exit: The end of a 33-year chapterHuang’s resignation marks the end of his 33-year association with Nvidia’s leadership.
此次离职之前，曝出了两起婚外情，其中一起涉及一名女性，据报道美国当局怀疑她与中国情报机构有联系。英伟达董事会已就国家安全顾虑启动了独立调查。
The departure followed news of two extramarital affairs, including one involving a woman whom US authorities reportedly suspect of having links to Chinese intelligence. Nvidia’s board had initiated an independent investigation into the national security concerns.
在争议之中，黄仁勋辞去首席执行官职务并离开公司董事会，首席财务官科莱特·克雷斯出任临时首席执行官，同时公司正在寻找永久继任者。公司现在面临的任务是在新的领导架构下保持这种技术势头。
Amid the controversy, Jensen Huang stepped down as CEO and left the company’s board, with chief financial officer Colette Kress taking over as interim CEO while the company searches for a permanent successor. The company now faces the task of maintaining that technological momentum under a new leadership structure.