80岁的德国联邦情报局前局长奥古斯特·汉宁遭逮捕的消息在德国国内引发巨大震动，无疑也震惊了所有曾在他任内与该机构有过合作的情报机构。
The arrest of August Hanning, the eighty-year-old former head of the German Federal Intelligence Service has sent shock waves throughout Germany, and no doubt among all intelligence agencies that worked with the service during his tenure.
德国检方指控汉宁犯有间谍罪与叛国罪——具体而言，他泄露了“高度敏感的局势评估报告、外国合作机构的机密资料，据称还包括有关伊朗核计划及俄罗斯军事力量的文件”。目前，当局尚未透露这些资料最终被转交给了何人。
German prosecutors accuse Hanning of espionage and treason — specifically, that he passed “highly sensitive situation assessments, classified material from foreign partner agencies and reportedly … papers on the Iranian nuclear program and the Russian military.”So far, authorities have not revealed to whom he passed that material.
与此同时被捕的还有一名仅被称作“曼弗雷德·D”的官员，他是汉宁的幕僚长。汉宁卸任后，曼弗雷德·D仍在该机构任职长达16年，直至今年初才离职。德国检方称，在这16年间，他向汉宁提供了约2000份包含敏感及机密信息的文件，并从中获取了报酬。
Also arrested is an official thus far named named only as “Manfred D,” who was Hanning’s chief of staff. When Hanning departed the service, Manfred D. remained at the agency for sixteen years before leaving it earlier this year. German prosecutors allege that during most of those years, he passed to Hanning some 2,000 documents containing sensitive and classified material and was remunerated for his efforts.
德国的间谍丑闻并非首次出现。冷战期间，东德国家安全局及苏联克格勃便成功渗透进西德政府，甚至触及高层。反纳粹抵抗运动的英雄、西德前总理威利·勃兰特，便因他的亲信冈特·纪尧姆于1974年4月被揭发为东德间谍而被迫辞职。
German spy scandals are nothing new. During the Cold War, the East German Stasi as well as the Soviet KGB penetrated the West German government, even at its highest levels. West German chancellor Willy Brandt, a hero of the anti-Nazi resistance, was forced to resign after his close aide, Gunter Guillaume, was arrested in April 1974 for acting as Stasi agent.
1990年，德国高级反情报官员克劳斯·库龙也被判犯有为东德间谍罪。因此，向来关系并不融洽的德美情报机构之间始终充满相互猜疑也就不足为奇了。
Again in 1990, Klaus Kuron, a senior German counterintelligence official, was convicted as a Stasi spy. Not surprisingly, the German-American intelligence relationship, never a truly comfortable one, has constantly been fraught with mutual suspicion.
尤其令人不安的是“伊拉克自由行动”发动前夕发生的事件：当时有个代号为“曲线球”的所谓德国情报线人。2002年，汉宁转交了据称来自该线人的“可靠且可信”的证据，声称伊拉克拥有化学与生物武器。然而最终证实这些信息纯属虚假。
Especially disturbing was the case of the supposed German intelligence asset nicknamed “Curveball” during the run-up to the Operation Iraqi Freedom. In 2002, Hanning passed on what he claimed was his source’s “reliable and convincing” evidence that the Iraqis possessed chemical and biological weapons. Ultimately the information was proven false.
二十一年后，即2023年，一名仅被称作“卡斯滕·L”的高级情报官员被指控向俄罗斯泄露国家机密。检方称，他收受钱财后泄露了有关乌克兰战争以及现已解散的瓦格纳集团的情报。
Twenty-one years later, in 2023, a senior intelligence officer identified only as “Carsten L,” was accused of passing state secrets to Russia. Prosecutors claimed he had been paid to share intelligence about the Ukraine War and the now-defunct Wagner Group.
值得注意的是，奥古斯特·汉宁担任联邦情报局局长期间，与德国总理格哈德·施罗德在1998年至2005年间的任期几乎完全重叠。施罗德公开反对伊拉克战争，并拒绝为美国的军事行动提供资金或人员支持。与此同时，他与弗拉基米尔·普京关系密切；2004年时，他甚至称普京为“无可挑剔的民主人士”。卸任德国政府职务后，施罗德仍与俄罗斯保持着紧密联系。
It is noteworthy that August Hanning’s leadership of the Federal Intelligence Service overlapped almost exactly with the 1998-2005 tenure of German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder. Schroeder vocally opposed the Iraq war and refused to provide either financial or personnel support for the American effort. At the same time he had a warm relationship with Vladimir Putin; in 2004, he called him a “flawless democrat.”After leaving the German government, Schroeder maintained close ties to Russia.
他曾担任“北溪”天然气管道项目的董事会成员，而俄罗斯能源巨头俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司在该项目中持有多数股权。此外，他还担任俄罗斯最大的石油生产与炼化企业俄罗斯石油公司的董事会成员。
He served on the board of the Nord Stream pipeline project, in which the Russian energy firm Gazprom owned a majority stake. He also served on the board of Rosneft, Russia’s leading petroleum producer and refiner.
今年早些时候，普京提议由施罗德作为欧盟代表参与可能与俄罗斯进行的谈判。考虑到施罗德与普京长期保持私人关系，欧盟最终否决了这一提议，这或许也在意料之中。
Earlier this year, Putin proposed that Schroeder represent the European Union in possible talks with Russia. Perhaps not surprisingly, in light of Schroeder’s ongoing personal relationship with Putin, the EU rejected the idea.
上周，正值普京加大对乌克兰基础设施的打击力度、西方也在考虑对莫斯科采取进一步措施之际，施罗德加入了俄罗斯超市连锁企业Hyperglobus的监事会。据称，施罗德对俄罗斯的侵略行径持截然不同的看法，他曾表示：“正是在这样的危机时刻，这些联系才显得尤为重要：它们能让我们相互沟通并共同寻求出路。”施罗德担任总理的任期与汉宁执掌情报机构的时期恰好重合，但这并不能说明施罗德与汉宁所谓的叛国行为存在任何关联。
Last week, at a time when Putin was ramping up his attacks on Ukrainian infrastructure and the West was contemplating further action against Moscow, Schroeder joined the supervisory board of the Russian supermarket chain Hyperglobus. Reflecting his very different view of Russian aggression, Schroeder reportedly stated that “it is exactly in these crisis times that these ties are especially important: they allow us to hear each other and look for ways forward.”That Schroeder’s chancellorship and Hanning’s leadership of the intelligence service were coterminous is no indication that Schroeder was in any way connected with Hanning’s alleged betrayal.
此外，汉宁究竟向哪个国家泄露了敏感信息目前仍不明确，最初的猜测指向阿塞拜疆而非俄罗斯。巴库方面已正式否认这一指控。
Moreover, it remains unclear to which country Hanning leaked sensitive material. Speculation has initially centered on Azerbaijan, not Russia. For its part, Baku has formally denied the allegation.
另一方面，汉宁或许认为自己能在施罗德不知情的情况下，利用施罗德执政时期的氛围谋取私利。
On the other hand, it is possible that Hanning believed that he could exploit the atmosphere that existed in the Schroeder chancellery without Schroeder’s knowledge.
汉宁被捕无疑会加剧美国及各盟国情报机构对与德国情报部门开展合作的顾虑。据报道，英国情报部门正在重新审查汉宁及其幕僚长任职期间与盟友共享的所有敏感信息。
Hanning’s arrest is certain to reinforce American qualms, and those of allied intelligence agencies, about cooperation with German intelligence. For example, Britain’s intelligence services are reportedly reviewing all sensitive information that they shared with allies during the period that Hanning and his chief of staff were active.
不过，尽管外界确实担心汉宁可能向某个或某些尚未确定的国家非法泄露了情报，但西方情报机构也不应因此将德国完全排除在情报合作体系之外。这种做法的真正受益者只会是普京领导的俄罗斯及其他敌视西方的国家。
Nevertheless, despite legitimate concerns about what information Hanning illicitly passed to one or more as yet unidentified states, Western agencies should not freeze Germany out of all intelligence cooperation. The real beneficiary of such a move would be Putin’s Russia and other states hostile to the West.
相反，情报机构在与德国情报部门打交道时应采取谨慎态度。与其强行要求彻底断绝联系，不如借鉴罗纳德·里根总统当年应对苏联时的经典原则：“既要信任，也要验证。”多夫·扎凯姆是战略与国际研究中心的高级顾问，也是外交政策研究学会的董事会副主席。2001年至2004年间，他担任国防部负责财务事务的副部长兼首席财务官；1985年至1987年期间，他则担任国防部副副部长。
Instead, intelligence agencies should adopt a cautious posture when interacting with German intelligence. Rather than press for a complete break, they would be wise to adopt President Ronald Reagan’s trademark maxim when he was dealing with the Soviet Union: “Trust, but verify.”Dov S. Zakheim is a senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and vice chairman of the board for the Foreign Policy Research Institute. He was undersecretary of Defense (comptroller) and chief financial officer for the Department of Defense from 2001 to 2004 and a deputy undersecretary of Defense from 1985 to 1987.