Carla Bleiker 2026年10月10日 美国正在举行国会和州长选举。在美国政治的各个层面，女性代表性不足 — — 但她们可能在11月3日的中期选举中赢得一些历史性胜利。
Carla Bleiker October 10, 2026 The US is holding Congress and state governors elections. At all levels of US politics, women are underrepresented — but they may win some historic victories in the midterms on November 3.
美国将于11月3日举行中期选举。美国人口中约51%为女性，但这一比例在美国国会中并未得到体现，国会成员中只有28.4%是女性。尽管如此，目前共有152名女性分别任职于众议院和参议院，这一人数在历史上是最高的。50个美国州的女性州长人数也创下历史新高：目前有14位女性州长，占比28%。
The US is holding midterm elections on November 3 Around 51% of the population of the United States is female, but that is not reflected in the make-up of the US Congress, where only 28.4% of the members are women Nevertheless, with 152 women in total sitting in the House of Representatives and Senate, the number is higher than it has ever been in the history of the United States. The number of female governors of the 50 US states is also currently higher than ever before: Some 14 of them — 28% — are women.
女性在美国国会中仍然相对较少的原因有很多。“其中一些是结构性的：我们的政治体系中存在一些规则和流程，使得任何新人都难以突围，”罗格斯大学美国女性与政治中心（CAWP）研究主任凯莉·迪特马尔说。“从历史上看，女性一直是新人。”参议院席位每六年才有一次选举。众议院议员任期为两年，但连任次数没有限制，理论上他们可以在职位上任职数十年。
There are a number of reasons why there are still comparatively few female representatives in the US Congress. "Some of them are structural: There are rules and processes in place in our political system that make it harder for any newcomers to break in," says Kelly Dittmar, director of research at the Center for American Women and Politics (CAWP) at Rutgers University. "Historically, women were newcomers." Seats in the Senate only come up for election every six years. Members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms, but there is no limit to the number of times they can stand for reelection, so in theory they can stay in office for decades.
此外，正如迪特马尔所指出的，美国的选举竞选非常昂贵。女性历史上一直难以进入富有捐助者的网络 — — 这些捐助者与许多政党领袖一样，仍然最有可能是男性。领先的男性政治家也更倾向于招募男性作为新候选人。最后，文化偏见也起着作用：“关于女性能够和应该做什么的刻板印象和期望。”11月3日的选举将决定未来两年是否会有更多或更少的女性进入美国国会。
Also, as Dittmar points out, election campaigns in the US are very expensive. Women have historically been less able to access networks of rich donors — who, like many party leaders, are still most likely to be men. Leading male politicians are also more likely to recruit men to stand as new candidates. Finally, cultural biases also play a role: "Stereotypes and expectations about what women can and should do." The elections on November 3 will decide whether more or fewer women will sit in the US Congress over the next two years.
众议院的全部435个席位以及参议院100个席位中的35个席位将在中期选举中进行竞选。此外，在36个州，公民也将决定谁将进入州长官邸。
All 435 seats in the House of Representatives and 35 of the 100 seats in the Senate are up for election in the midterms. And in 36 states, the citizens will also decide who will move in to the governor's villa.
艾米·克洛布彻已经是参议院众议院中的一位领先的民主党人：女性民主党人数量是女性共和党人的三倍，435名众议员中有125名是女性。正如参议院的情况一样，州长职位也是如此：女性在民主党中的比例高于在共和党中的比例。目前，有95名女性作为民主党代表担任众议员，而共和党方面有30名。
Amy Klobuchar is already a leading Democrat in the Senate House of Representatives: Female Democrats outnumber female Republicans three to one 125 of the 435 representatives in the House are women. As in the Senate, and also with the gubernatorial posts, they are not evenly distributed between the two parties: There are more women among the Democrats than among the Republicans. At present, there are 95 women sitting as representatives for the Democrats, and 30 for the Republicans.
“在共和党内部，女性缺乏强有力的支持基础设施，”迪特马尔说道。她指出，专门招募、培训和资助女性候选人的组织几乎全部位于民主党一方，或者是非 partisan 的。此外，她补充道：“许多[共和党]党领袖并不认为招募更多女性具有选举激励或压力。”多样性对民主党选民更为重要，他们更看重看到女性在其选出的代表中。
"There is a far less robust support infrastructure for women within the Republican Party," says Dittmar. She comments that organizations that specifically recruit, train, and fund women candidates are almost all either on the Democrat side, or non-partisan. Besides, she adds, "A lot of the [Republican] party leaders don't see an electoral incentive or pressure" to recruit more women. Diversity is more important to Democrat voters, who place greater value on seeing women among their elected representatives.
共和党目前在众议院占多数，这意味着他们也有权任命议长或多数党领袖。目前，该职位由迈克·约翰逊担任。迄今为止，只有一位女性曾担任过这一重要职位：南希·佩洛西，她曾在2007年至2011年担任民主党议长，随后又在2019年至2023年再次担任。
The Republicans currently have a majority in the House of Representatives, which means that they also get to appoint the Speaker or majority leader. At the moment, the position is held by Mike Johnson. Only one woman has held this powerful post to date: Nancy Pelosi, who was the Democrats' Speaker from 2007 to 2011, and again from 2019 to 2023.
佩吉·弗拉纳根希望成为首位进入美国参议院的美洲原住民女性。美国参议院：女性面临更高的门槛。目前女性占美国参议院的27%——16名民主党人和11名共和党人。每个州由两名参议员代表。参议院的任期较长，且该院的官员通常代表的选民人数远多于众议院代表。
Peggy Flanagan wants to become the first Native American woman to join the US Senate US Senate: Even higher bar for women Women currently constitute 27% of the US Senate – 16 Democrats and 11 Republicans. Each of the 50 states is represented by two senators. The term of office is longer in this chamber of the US Congress, and the majority of the officials here represent many more voters than the representatives in the lower house.
根据迪特马尔的说法，女性想要赢得参议院席位更加困难。“参议院的问题在于机遇和时机，”她说。每个参议院席位每六年选举一次。总共有100个席位，每两年只有三分之一的席位可供竞选。因此，对于之前未曾担任过参议员的女性来说，晋升机会甚少。此外，全州范围的参议员选举竞选也比众议院席位的竞选更昂贵——研究表明，女性候选人通常比男性候选人财力更弱。
According to Dittmar, it's even harder for women to win a seat in the Senate. "With the Senate, it's an opportunity and timing issue," she says. Each seat comes up for election every six years. There are 100 in total, and every two years only a third of them are available. Little opportunity, then, for women who have not previously sat in the Senate to advance. A state-wide senatorial election campaign is also more expensive than the equivalent campaign for a seat in the House of Representatives — and studies indicate that female candidates are generally less wealthy than their male counterparts.
对于一名参议员候选人而言，今年的11月中期选举可能具有历史意义。如果民主党佩吉·弗拉纳根在明尼苏达州获胜，她将成为首位进入美国参议院的美洲原住民女性。弗拉纳根是奥杰布瓦人，也称为奇佩瓦人，这是一个分布在美国和加拿大五大湖地区的原住民民族。
For one senatorial candidate, the November midterms could prove historic. If the Democrat Peggy Flanagan wins in Minnesota, she will be the first Native American woman to sit in the US Senate. Flanagan is Ojibwe, otherwise known as Chippewa, an indigenous people from the Great Lakes region spanning the US and Canada.
弗拉纳根目前担任明尼苏达州副州长。民意调查显示她获胜的机会较大。她目前略微领先于她的对手——共和党候选人米歇尔·塔福亚，塔福亚曾是一名体育记者，并曾担任保守派政治家的顾问。
Flanagan currently holds the post of lieutenant governor of Minnesota. Polls suggest that her chances are good. She has a slight lead over her rival, the Republican Michele Tafoya, previously a sports reporter and advisor to conservative politicians.
基莎·兰斯·巴特姆斯正竞选成为首位黑人女性州长，也是首位女性黑人州长？
Keisha Lance Bottoms is vying to become the first ever female black governor First black woman state governor?
目前14位女州长中，有10人是民主党人，4人是共和党人。其中6人正在寻求连任，包括阿肯色州州长萨拉·赫卡比·桑德斯，她曾在特朗普总统第一任期内担任其新闻秘书。
Ten of the current 14 female governors are Democrats, while four are Republicans. Six of the 14 are standing again, including Sarah Huckabee Sanders, the governor of Arkansas, who was President Trump's press secretary during his first term in office.
在美国历史上，首次有可能出现黑人女性当选州长的情况。在明尼苏达州，民主党人蒂姆·沃尔兹——2024年大选中卡玛拉·哈里斯的副总统候选人——不再参加连任竞选。他席位的主要竞争者是民主党人艾米·克洛布uchar和（黑人）共和党人丽莎·德穆思。与此同时，黑人民主党人基莎·兰斯·巴特姆斯正在竞选佐治亚州州长。
For the first time in US history, it is possible that a Black woman may be elected state governor. In Minnesota, the Democrat Tim Walz — Kamala Harris's vice-presidential candidate in the 2024 election — is not standing for reelection. The main rivals for his seat are the Democrat Amy Klobuchar and the (Black) Republican Lisa DeMuth. Meanwhile, the Black Democrat Keisha Lance Bottoms is running for governor of the state of Georgia.
凯莉·迪特马尔认为德穆思在明尼苏达州不会获胜——该州被视为坚定的民主党阵地。而且克洛布uchar在那儿非常知名；她自2007年以来一直代表明尼苏达州参与美国参议院工作。
Kelly Dittmar doesn't think DeMuth will win in Minnesota — the state is regarded as solidly Democrat. And Klobuchar is well known among the people there; she has represented Minnesota in the US Senate since 2007.
但根据迪特马尔的说法，佐治亚州的情况不同：“这场竞争被认为是势均力敌，五五开。”迪特马尔认为巴特姆斯“绝对有机会成为首位黑人女性州长。”前总统贝拉克·奥巴马是她最突出的支持者，而特朗普总统则宣布支持共和党候选人里克·杰克逊。本文译自德语。
But in Georgia, according to Dittmar, it's a different story: "That race is considered a toss-up, 50-50." Dittmar believes that Bottoms "absolutely has a chance to be the first Black woman governor." Former President Barack Obama is her most prominent supporter, while President Trump has declared his support for the Republican candidate, Rick Jackson. This article has been translated from German.