他们来俄罗斯打工，如今却身陷战火乌克兰对炼油厂和仓库的袭击，导致缓解俄罗斯劳动力短缺的外籍工人伤亡。
They Came to Russia for Work. Now They Are Under Fire. Ukrainian strikes on oil refineries and warehouses have led to casualties among the foreigners easing Russia’s labor shortage.
29岁的印度钢结构安装工拉马亚·安贾拉纳决定去俄罗斯从事建筑工作时，并不特别担心该国正处于战争状态。
When Ramaya Anjarana, a 29-year-old steel fitter from India, decided to go to Russia for a job in construction, he wasn’t particularly worried that the country was at war.
他的兄弟曾在那里工作，向他保证一切看起来安全正常。薪资是他在国内能赚到的两倍多，将有助于偿还家庭为买房和办婚礼而背负的债务。成千上万的印度人正前往俄罗斯，这是被劳动力短缺吸引的更大规模工人潮的一部分。但随后，俄罗斯在乌克兰的战争波及到了他。
His brother had worked there and assured him that everything seemed safe and normal. The wages, more than double what he could make back home, would help pay down debt that his family had taken on for a house and weddings. And thousands of Indians were going to Russia, part of a broader wave of workers drawn by a labor shortage. But then Russia’s war in Ukraine hit home for him.
据招募安贾拉纳的印度人力资源公司Mycon Engineering首席执行官瓦苏德夫·雷迪称，5月，安贾拉纳在乌克兰对莫斯科南部一家他受雇的炼油厂的袭击中丧生。雷迪说，当工人们下班后聚集在入口附近时，一次爆炸将安贾拉纳掀翻在地，导致致命头部受伤。多名印度工人受伤。
In May, Mr. Anjarana was killed during a Ukrainian attack on the oil refinery in southern Moscow where he was employed, according to Vasudev Reddy, the chief executive of Mycon Engineering, the Indian staffing firm that recruited Mr. Anjarana for the job. As workers gathered near the entrance after their shift, a blast threw Mr. Anjarana backward, causing a fatal head injury, Mr. Reddy said. A number of Indian laborers were injured.
随着乌克兰利用不断扩大的无人机和导弹武库袭击俄罗斯的炼油厂和电商仓库，有时打击距离前线数千英里的目标，他们和许多其他外国人成了攻击目标。
They and many other foreigners have ended up in the cross hairs as Ukraine has used its growing arsenal of drones and missiles to strike Russia’s oil refineries and e-commerce warehouses, sometimes hitting targets thousands of miles from the front.
在特朗普总统施压下，乌克兰过去两天未袭击炼油厂，但表示只有在俄罗斯停止袭击乌克兰能源基础设施的情况下，才会同意延长停火。
Ukraine, under pressure from President Trump, has not struck refineries for the past two days but has said it will agree to an extended cease-fire only if Russia stops attacking Ukrainian energy infrastructure.
“以前从来没有过恐惧，”在俄罗斯与安贾拉纳共事的印度焊工德文德拉·帕塔纳说。现在，帕塔纳说，“我妻子和母亲一直叮嘱我要小心。”俄罗斯对乌克兰的袭击造成了更多平民死亡，但反方向的伤亡——在俄罗斯人和外籍工人中——已有所增加，因为乌克兰已连续数月几乎每天都在俄罗斯纵深实施打击。
“There was never any fear before this,” said Devendra Patana, an Indian welder who worked alongside Mr. Anjarana in Russia. Now, Mr. Patana said, “my wife and mother keep telling me to be careful.”Russian strikes in Ukraine have killed far more civilians, but the toll in reverse, among Russians and foreign workers, has grown as Ukraine has struck deep inside Russia nearly every day for months.
8月，鞑靼斯坦地区一家炼油厂和工业区遭遇无人机袭击，造成8名乌兹别克斯坦公民和1名塔吉克斯坦公民死亡，该地区距莫斯科约550英里。7月，莫斯科郊外俄罗斯版亚马逊——Wildberries的一个仓库遭袭，一名塔吉克斯坦公民丧生。
Eight citizens of Uzbekistan and a citizen of Tajikistan were killed during an August drone attack on an oil refinery and industrial area in the Tatarstan region, some 550 miles east of Moscow. In July, a Tajik citizen was killed outside Moscow during a strike on a warehouse belonging to Wildberries, Russia’s answer to Amazon.
即使在乌克兰加强远程打击行动之前，来自较贫穷国家的外籍工人就已被招募到俄罗斯的高风险岗位。俄罗斯媒体报道，2024年乌克兰袭击俄罗斯主要无人机生产中心之一时，吉尔吉斯斯坦、斯里兰卡、津巴布韦、卢旺达、刚果、肯尼亚、尼日利亚和南苏丹公民均在伤者之列。
Even before Ukraine stepped up its long-range strike campaign, foreign workers from poorer nations were recruited into risky Russian positions. In 2024, when Ukraine attacked one of Russia’s main drone production centers, citizens of Kyrgyzstan, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Congo, Kenya, Nigeria and South Sudan were among those wounded, Russian media reported.
四名Wildberries仓库工人告诉《纽约时报》，朝鲜女性已在该设施工作数月，因乌克兰袭击，这些设施现在须定期疏散。她们是朝鲜工人大规模涌入的一部分，这违反了联合国制裁。
Four workers at Wildberries warehouses told The New York Times that North Korean women had been working for months at the facilities, which are now subject to regular evacuations because of Ukrainian strikes. They are part of a broader influx of North Korean workers, a violation of United Nations sanctions.
乌克兰袭击并非外国人面临的唯一风险。印度政府于9月30日发布通告，警告本国公民注意被招募入伍俄罗斯军队。中亚移民也已被送上前线。
Ukrainian strikes aren’t the only risks to foreigners. The Indian government published an advisory on Sept. 30 warning its citizens about being recruited into the Russian military. Central Asian migrants have also ended up at the front.
由于人口危机，俄罗斯数十年来一直依赖移民工人，但战争加剧了劳动力短缺。2022年入侵及随后的征兵令后，数十万俄罗斯人逃离该国。男子上前线后留下了民间职位空缺。
Because of a demographic crisis, Russia has relied on migrant workers for decades, but the war has exacerbated the labor shortage. Hundreds of thousands of Russians fled the country in 2022 after the invasion and a subsequent draft. Men left civilian jobs when they went to the front.
最近的经济放缓缓解了劳动力短缺的情况。但失业率仍接近历史低点，9月份为2.2%。
A recent economic slowdown has eased the labor shortage slightly. But the unemployment rate is still close to a record low, 2.2 percent in September.
随着莫斯科试图对其移民人口施加更大控制，俄罗斯外籍劳工的构成正在发生变化。
The makeup of Russia’s foreign labor force is changing as Moscow looks to assert greater control over its migrant population.
越来越多的印度、中国和朝鲜工人抵达，而来自塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦的许多移民则离开了。2024年，与伊斯兰国有关联的塔吉克斯坦人袭击了莫斯科的克罗库斯城市大厅，造成151人死亡，随后出台的更严格规定和反移民反弹促使中亚人离开。
More Indian, Chinese and North Korean workers have arrived, while many migrants from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have left. After Tajiks associated with the Islamic State attacked Moscow’s Crocus City Hall in 2024, killing 151 people, stricter rules and an anti-migrant backlash prompted Central Asians to leave.
即便如此，曾经是苏联一部分的中亚国家的工人仍然是最大的移民群体。
Even so, workers from Central Asian nations that were once part of the Soviet Union remain the biggest migrant group.
德尔诺兹·尤苏波娃和她的丈夫乌梅德琼·尤苏波夫大约五年前带着孩子埃佐扎（现年15岁）和贝赫里兹（19岁）从塔吉克斯坦搬到了莫斯科郊外约20英里的索菲诺镇。父母在为首都服务的仓库和物流中心找到了工作。
Delnoz Yusupova and her husband, Umedjon Yusupov, moved from Tajikistan about five years ago to Sofino, a town about 20 miles outside Moscow, with their children, Ezoza, now 15, and Behriz, 19. The parents found work at warehouses and logistics centers that serve the capital.
据她的姐夫透露，尤苏波娃女士在俄罗斯在线服务公司Yandex所属的仓库工作时，9月20日——俄罗斯议会选举的最后一天——一波乌克兰无人机飞向了该镇。她的姐夫因担心接受记者采访会危及自身安全而拒绝透露姓名。
Ms. Yusupova was working at a warehouse belonging to Yandex, the Russian online services company, when a barrage of Ukrainian drones flew toward the town on Sept. 20, the final day of Russia’s parliamentary election, according to her brother-in-law, who declined to provide his name because he feared for his safety if he spoke to a reporter.
仓库员工疏散后，尤苏波娃女士回家与丈夫和孩子团聚，并前往他们住所楼下的临时避难所。
After the warehouse employees evacuated, Ms. Yusupova headed home to her husband and children and went to a makeshift ground-floor shelter in their apartment building.
当时，一家人曾外出透气，但一个炮弹击中了三楼，导致砖块、碎片和金属飞溅。据她的姐夫称，尤苏波娃女士当场身亡，其丈夫在医院不治身亡，而两名儿童受伤，埃佐扎需要接受三次手术才能保住性命。
At one point, the family went outside to get some air when a projectile slammed into the third floor, sending bricks, shrapnel and metal flying. According to her brother-in-law, Ms. Yusupova died immediately, her husband died in the hospital, and both children were wounded, with Ezoza needing three operations to save her life.
他指出，那天是父母结婚22周年的纪念日，他在清理索菲诺的家人公寓时这样说，公寓被一层厚厚的砖红色灰尘覆盖。
It had been the parents’ 22nd wedding anniversary, he noted as he cleared out the family’s apartment in Sofino, which was covered in a thick layer of brick-red dust.
“我哥哥和他妻子出生在同一天，同年，”他说。“他们也在同一天一起去世了。
“My brother and his wife were born on the same day, in the same year,” he said. “And they died on the same day, together.
瓦莱丽·霍普金斯报道乌克兰战争以及这场冲突如何改变俄罗斯、乌克兰、欧洲和美国。她驻扎在莫斯科。
Valerie Hopkins covers the war in Ukraine and how the conflict is changing Russia, Ukraine, Europe and the United States. She is based in Moscow.
保罗·索恩是莫斯科分社社长，负责俄罗斯、高加索和中亚地区的报道。他驻扎在柏林。
Paul Sonne is the Moscow bureau chief, leading coverage of Russia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. He is based in Berlin.