过去一周，沙特阿拉伯第二繁忙的机场遭遇致命袭击，凸显出中东冲突正在更大范围内颠覆航空旅行。
Deadly attacks on Saudi Arabia's second-busiest airport over the past week are highlighting how conflicts in the Middle East are upending air travel on a larger scale.
随着威胁和公开袭击迫使航空公司在中东地区数天、数周甚至数月内快速取消航班，航空业正日益成为这些广泛冲突的中心。一些航空公司可能会将原本飞往阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜、卡塔尔多哈等中东目的地的飞机重新部署到其他地区。
Aviation is increasingly in the middle of these sprawling clashes as threats and outright attacks have forced airlines to quickly cancel flights throughout the Middle East for days, weeks and, in some cases, months. Some carriers might redeploy planes that would be going to some Middle East destinations like Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and Doha, Qatar, to other locations altogether.
“这是一种新范式。民用航空正成为直接攻击目标，而在过去二十年里从未出现过这种情况，”独立航空安全组织OpsGroup的创始人马克·齐（Mark Zee）表示。该组织成员包括飞行员、调度员、航空公司员工等。
"It's a new paradigm. Civil aviation is being directly targeted and it has not been the case in the last couple of decades," said Mark Zee, founder of OpsGroup, an independent aviation safety group whose members include pilots, dispatchers, airline employees and others.
也门伊朗支持的胡塞武装宣称对沙特机场的袭击负责，这是该国十多年来最致命的袭击。官员称，周末时，一枚炮弹击中沙特首都利雅得的哈立德国王国际机场航站楼，至少造成13人死亡、300多人受伤。其他袭击还包括使用无人机。
The Saudi airport attacks, claimed by Yemen's Iran-backed Houthis, were the deadliest in the country in more than a decade. Over the weekend, at least 13 people were killed and more than 300 injured when a projectile hit terminals at King Khalid International Airport in the Saudi capital Riyadh, officials said. Other attacks have included drones.
“历史上，机场安防的重点是防止未经授权进入飞机和机场，而非防守领空，”丹佛都市州立大学航空与航空航天科学系教授、机场管理顾问杰夫·普赖斯（Jeff Price）表示。
"Historically, airport security is focused on preventing unauthorized access to aircraft and the airport, not defending airspace," said Jeff Price, a professor at the Metropolitan State University of Denver's Department of Aviation and Aerospace Science and an airport management consultant.
对航空业的威胁正迫使官员重新思考如何保护这些主要公共空间中的盲区。
The threats to aviation are forcing officials to rethink how to protect blind spots in these major public spaces.
“处理导弹等较为传统武器的方法已经很成熟。这很昂贵，但确实有办法，”位于阿联酋的风险管理公司国际SOS的信息与分析安全总监古尔纳兹·乌卡索娃说。“目前仍没有一种万无一失的方法来应对无人机构成的威胁。显然，这项技术在不断演进。”哈立德国王国际机场本周大部分时间处于关闭状态，一些航空公司因安全考虑暂停了在那里的运营。主要石油公司的首席执行官也退出了该国举办的一场能源会议。
"There is this established way to deal with kind of more conventional weapons such as missiles. It's very expensive, but there is a way," said Gulnaz Ukassova, UAE-based security director of information and analysis at risk management firm International SOS. "There is still no sort of foolproof way to deal with the threat posed by drones. The technology, obviously, is constantly evolving." King Khalid International Airport has been shut down for much of this week, and some carriers suspended operations there, citing safety concerns. CEOs of major oil companies also pulled out of an energy conference in the country.
与此同时，达美航空公司原计划在不到两周后开通亚特兰大-利雅得航线，这是由美国航空公司运营的两国之间首条直达商业航班，据该公司称。
Delta Air Lines, meanwhile, was less than two weeks away from launching an Atlanta-Riyadh route, the first nonstop commercial flight between the the two countries operated by a U.S. airline, according to the carrier.
但周日晚间，美国联邦航空管理局警告美国航空公司，在沙特阿拉伯上空或领空飞行时存在飞行安全风险。周一早上，达美表示将把该航线的首飞推迟至3月。
But late Sunday, the Federal Aviation Administration warned U.S. carriers about safety-of-flight risks when flying in or over Saudi Arabia. On Monday morning, Delta said it would postpone the route's debut until March.
达美的新航线开通之际，沙特领导层正试图提升该国旅游业，这是王国“2030愿景”计划的一部分，旨在使经济摆脱对石油的依赖并吸引国际投资。
The new Delta route comes as Saudi leadership seeks to boost tourism to the country, part of the kingdom's Vision 2030 plan to diversify the economy from oil and attract international investment.
沙特阿拉伯的航空客流一直在快速增长。根据航空数据公司Cirium的数据，今年该市场计划增加的客机座位数较2023年增长超过23%，尽管这一增长最近有所放缓。
Air traffic in Saudi Arabia had been increasing rapidly. Scheduled growth in airplane seats in the market is up more than 23% this year from 2023, though the rise has recently slowed, according to aviation-data firm Cirium.
旅客是否会回到该地区取决于他们的风险承受能力。乌卡索娃表示，能源公司依赖现场访问大型项目，往往具有较高的风险容忍度，而学者对潜在风险的容忍度较低。
Whether travelers come back to the region depends on risk appetite. Ukassova said energy companies, which can depend on in-person visits to large projects, tend to have higher risk tolerance, while academics have a low bar for potential risks.
冲突已导致中东大片领空被封锁，主要是在伊朗上空。2月伊朗战争的爆发引发了航空、旅行和安全方面的大规模危机。
The conflicts have cut off big parts of airspace in the Middle East, mainly over Iran. The outbreak of the Iran war in February set off massive aviation, travel and safety crises.
例如，澳大利亚航空公司澳航已将其从澳大利亚珀斯飞往伦敦的航线改为绕行，以避开伊朗领空。由于该航班因此变长，澳航在新加坡增加了一个加油停靠点。
For example, Australian carrier Qantas has changed its Perth, Australia-to-London route to avoid Iranian airspace. Because that flight is then longer, the carrier has added a stop in Singapore to refuel.
过去四年，西方商业客机和货机一直被迫选择更长的航线以避开俄罗斯领空。航空公司自2022年俄罗斯入侵乌克兰之后，开始绕行俄罗斯。
For four years, Western commercial passenger and cargo planes have already had to fly longer routes to avoid Russian airspace. Carriers started detouring away from Russia after its 2022 invasion of Ukraine.
为避开可能存在危险的领空而选择更长航线的做法，正在增加航空公司的燃油费用。而由于同一地区的中东冲突，今年燃油成本进一步上升。
Taking longer routes to avoid potentially dangerous airspace has been adding to airlines' fuel bills, which got even more expensive this year due to those same Middle East conflicts.
尽管自美国和以色列于2月28日对伊朗发动袭击以来，飞往迪拜和多哈的航班量已从战争初期有所回升，但根据航班数据公司OAG的报告，其客运量仍低于2025年的水平。OAG指出，今年10月，中东地区按座位计算的运力较去年下降5.7%，相当于减少了220万个座位。一些航空公司选择完全避开该地区。
While much of the traffic to Dubai and Doha has rebounded from the first days of the war since the U.S. and Israel attacked Iran on Feb. 28, it remains below 2025 levels, according to flight-data firm OAG. Capacity by seats across the Middle East is down 5.7% in October from last year, 2.2 million fewer seats, OAG reported. Some airlines are opting to stay away from the region altogether.
“我们不会飞往迪拜和多哈，需要等待局势得到解决，”芬兰航空公司首席执行官图尔卡·库乌西斯托（Turkka Kuusisto）上个月在纽约对记者表示。
"We will not fly to Dubai and Doha, and we need to wait until the situation gets settled," Finnair CEO Turkka Kuusisto told reporters last month in New York.