基辅，乌克兰 — — 尽管美国总统唐纳德·特朗普周日单方面宣布两国之间达成能源停火，但俄罗斯仍在使用喷气式动力无人机，以超过基辅大多数无人机拦截系统所能及的速度，袭击乌克兰的能源设施、桥梁和其他关键基础设施。
KYIV, Ukraine — Russia is still using fast jet-powered drones to batter Ukraine’s energy facilities, bridges and other critical infrastructure at speeds beyond the reach of most of Kyiv’s drone interceptors, despite U.S. President Donald Trump’s unilateral announcement on Sunday of an energy ceasefire between the two countries.
俄罗斯自7月起大规模使用这类喷气式无人机，其数量较上月增加了五倍。目前这些无人机的速度可达每小时373英里（600公里） — — 是其前身螺旋桨驱动的Geran-2无人机速度的三倍多，远超乌克兰平均拦截无人机的最高速度，乌克兰空军官员上周向立法者透露了这一信息。
Russia began using the jets heavily in July, when their numbers jumped fivefold from the previous month. They can now reach speeds of up to 373 mph (600 km/h) — more than three times the speed of the propeller-driven Geran-2 drones they evolved from — far exceeding the top velocity of the average Ukrainian interceptor drone, air force officials told lawmakers last week.
为了拦截这些无人机，乌克兰只能依赖F-16战斗机、新安装的利用人工智能进行瞄准的机炮塔以及全球供应紧张的昂贵防空导弹。
To stop the drones, Ukraine must instead rely on F-16s, newly installed machine gun turrets that use artificial intelligence to aim and costly air-defense missiles that are in short supply globally.
“美国总统宣布能源领域停火后，乌克兰在两天内未对俄罗斯的石油炼油和能源部门进行打击。但俄罗斯并未听从美国总统的劝告，”乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基在周日晚间喷气式无人机严重损毁东北部哈尔科夫地区一处天然气生产设施后写道。
“Ukraine did not strike Russian oil refining and the energy sector in general for two days after the American president announced a ceasefire in the energy sector. But Russia did not listen to the American president,” Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy wrote after jets seriously damaged a gas production facility in the northeastern Kharkiv region on Sunday night.
俄罗斯周二夜间至周三凌晨发射了167枚导弹和无人机，其中包括77架喷气式动力无人机。官员称，这些无人机击中了基辅的主要发电厂之一，导致60万人断电。
Russia launched 167 missiles and drones overnight Tuesday into Wednesday, including 77 jet-powered drones, which officials said struck one of Kyiv’s main power plants and left 600,000 without power.
乌克兰空军表示，他们正在开始部署更有效的反制措施，但随着俄罗斯继续优化喷气式动力无人机的设计以摧毁关键基础设施，喷气式无人机及其拦截系统的研发已成为战场上最新的势均力敌的技术竞赛。
Ukraine’s Air Force says they are beginning to field more effective countermeasures, but with Russia continuing to optimize the design of jet-powered drones to destroy critical infrastructure, the development of jets and anti-jet interceptors has become the latest neck-and-neck technology race on the battlefield.
伊朗于2022年8月中旬向俄罗斯运交了首批Shahed-131和Shahed-136无人机，莫斯科随后将其更名为Geran-1和Geran-2，并在当年10月开始用这些无人机袭击乌克兰的民用基础设施。
Iran shipped Russia its first Shahed-131 and Shahed-136 drones in mid-August 2022, and Moscow rebranded them the Geran-1 and Geran-2 and was firing them at Ukrainian civilian infrastructure by that October.
这些螺旋桨驱动的无人机速度足够慢，以至于乌克兰能够围绕机动火力小组和廉价拦截无人机建造经济型防御体系，而不必在每架Shahed上浪费稀缺的导弹。2月份，拦截无人机在基辅上空击落Shahed的比例超过70%。
Those propeller-driven drones were slow enough for Ukraine to build an economical defense around mobile fire teams and cheap interceptor drones rather than spending scarce missiles on every Shahed, and in February the interceptors accounted for more than 70% of Shahed downings over Kyiv.
喷气式Geran无人机正在超越这一防御体系，俄罗斯此后停止了较慢的Geran-3的生产，并加大了Geran-4的产量，该型号巡航速度为每小时217至311英里（350至500公里），以及导弹形状的Geran-5，其携带90公斤（198磅）弹头。乌克兰军事情报局（即HUR）在8月份的报告中引用了这一信息。
The jet-powered Gerans are outrunning that defense, and Russia has since stopped building the slower Geran-3 and ramped up production of the Geran-4, which cruises at 217 to 311 mph (350 to 500 km/h), and the missile-shaped Geran-5, which carries a 90-kilogram (198-pound) warhead, Militarnyi reported in August, citing Ukraine’s military intelligence agency, known as HUR.
“Geran-5的飞行速度比Geran-4快150公里/小时，因此目标是从前方而非后方进行拦截——这是一个要难解决得多的问题，”一名乌克兰国防承包商的工程师对《基辅独立报》表示。
“The Geran-5 flies 150km/h faster than the Geran-4, so the goal is to intercept from the front rather than the rear — a much harder problem to solve,” an engineer at a Ukrainian defense contractor told the Kyiv Independent.
而且它们仍在变得更快，空军预测其速度将达到每小时500至560英里（800至900公里），尽管目前尚未有记录。其副司令尤里·切列瓦申科上校在10月6日向议会委员会透露了这一信息。
And they are still getting faster, with the Air Force projecting speeds of 500 to 560 mph (800 to 900 km/h), though none have been recorded yet, its deputy commander, Col. Yurii Cherevashenko, told a parliamentary commission Oct. 6.
俄罗斯今年秋季开始使用的Geran-4版本是专门设计用于摧毁基础设施的，它采用美国制造的磁力计和光学系统进行导航，并携带一种新型弹头，专门用于切断桥梁和电力线路支撑结构。HUR在10月5日的声明中如此表示。
A Geran-4 version Russia began flying this autumn is built to take out infrastructure, navigating by a U.S.-made magnetometer and an optical system and carrying a new warhead designed to cut bridges and power line supports, HUR said in an Oct. 5 statement.
这种新型88磅（40公斤）弹头“专门用于摧毁高压输电铁塔和铁桥结构，”电子战专家兼泽连斯基顾问谢尔盖“闪电”·别克雷斯特诺夫在9月30日的Telegram帖子中写道，当时俄罗斯首次在喷气式无人机上使用了这一升级版本。
The new 88-pound (40-kilogram) warhead “was created specifically to destroy high-voltage pylons and iron bridge structures,” Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov, an EW expert and adviser to Zelenskyy, wrote on Telegram Sept. 30 when Russia was first spotted using the upgrade on a jet drone.
这些经过优化的俄罗斯喷气式无人机在10月1日和2日至少五次击中基辅的南桥——该桥承载着汽车和地铁列车横跨第聂伯河——其中一次是在一列火车驶过桥头时，弹头在桥墩附近爆炸。随后，它们在10月3日击中了该市的北桥，官员们如此表示。
These optimized Russian jet drones hit Kyiv’s South Bridge, which carries cars and metro trains across the Dnipro River, at least five times on Oct. 1 and 2, once exploding near a pier as a train crossed overhead, then struck the city’s North Bridge on Oct. 3, officials said.
乌克兰拦截系统阻止了大约90%的老式螺旋桨驱动无人机，但对喷气式无人机的拦截率则显著降低。
Ukrainian interceptors stopped roughly 90% of the older propeller-driven drones, but against the jets, the interception rate has been significantly lower.
“起初，我们在乌克兰看到的拦截率非常低。随后它上升到超过30%，而在最近的夜晚，它已增加到超过50%，”德国无人机制造商Quantum Systems的副总裁马蒂亚斯·莱纳（Matthias Lehna）上周对乌克兰国家通讯社（Ukrinform）表示。空军官员报告称，周二晚上击落了77%的来袭喷气式无人机。
“Initially, we saw a very low interception rate in Ukraine. It then rose to more than 30%, and in recent nights it has increased to over 50%,” Matthias Lehna, vice president of German drone maker Quantum Systems, told Ukrinform last week. Air force officials reported downing 77% of incoming jet-powered drones on Tuesday night.
乌克兰仅在8月21日将其首架喷气式拦截机Alexa Spatium投入使用，根据接受基辅独立媒体（Kyiv Independent）采访的官员透露，包括Wild Hornets的STING S和SkyFall的P1-SUN Jetkiller在内的少数其他原型机也已成功击落少量Geran-5型无人机。
Ukraine put its first jet interceptor, the Alexa Spatium, into service only on Aug. 21, and a handful of other prototypes, including Wild Hornets’ STING S and SkyFall’s P1-SUN Jetkiller, have successfully downed a small number of Geran-5s, according to officials speaking to the Kyiv Independent.
十四家公司正在与空军一起进行喷气式拦截机的飞行测试，其中三家已显示出良好前景，但空军副司令表示，官员们不认为喷气式拦截机能够在11月底之前以乌克兰所需的规模交付。
Fourteen companies are flight-testing jet interceptors with the Air Force, and three have shown promising results, but the deputy air force commander said officials don’t expect the jet interceptors to be delivered at the scale Ukraine needs until the end of November at the earliest.
喷气式无人机目前约占俄罗斯发射的无人机总数的40%，空军预计这一比例将升至总攻击次数的80%。
Jet drones already make up approximately 40% of the drones Russia launches and the Air Force expects that share to reach up to 80% of total attacks.