贾斯汀·斯派克 布达佩斯，匈牙利 —— 对于匈牙利总理彼得·马扎尔而言，在一场压倒性选举中击败维克托·欧尔班仅仅是个开始。上任不足六个月，他的新政府正在追究他指控存在腐败和滥用职权的前任官员的责任。
JUSTIN SPIKE BUDAPEST, Hungary — For Hungarian Prime Minister Péter Magyar , defeating Viktor Orbán in a landslide election was only the beginning. Less than six months into his term, his new government is pursuing former officials he accuses of corruption and abuses of power.
周二，马扎尔在接受美联社独家专访时表示，追回据称在其前任执政期间被挪用的资产的工作已在进行中，但问责行动必须遵循法治，而欧尔班政府过去常常无视法治。
In an exclusive interview with The Associated Press on Tuesday, Magyar, 45, said efforts to recover assets that were allegedly misused under his predecessor were underway, but that the push for accountability must follow the rule of law that Orbán’s government often flouted .
“匈牙利人民显然希望看到追究责任人责任、惩罚责任人和追回被盗财产的成果，”马扎尔在位于布达佩斯市中心的办公室里说道。
“The Hungarian people obviously want to see results in holding those responsible accountable, punishing them and recovering stolen property,” Magyar said from his central Budapest office.
他说，在欧尔班执政期间，匈牙利人“经历了这样一个奇妙的国家，2004年加入欧盟时还是高绩效国家，却变成了欧洲最贫穷、最腐败的成员国之一。”
During Orbán’s rule, he said, Hungarians “experienced that this wonderful country, which was a high achiever when we joined the European Union in 2004, became one of the poorest and most corrupt member states in Europe.”
马扎尔领导的中右翼、亲欧盟的蒂萨党在4月击败了欧尔班的极右翼青民盟，终结了后者长达16年的统治。欧尔班的统治因其对抗欧盟的姿态、强硬的反移民立场以及反对“自由主义主流”，而备受全球民族主义右翼推崇。欧尔班自称的“非自由民主”拆除了制衡机制，主要通过将利润丰厚的欧盟资助国家合同授予盟友商业人物，使他们致富。对腐败和民主倒退的担忧促使欧盟于2021年开始冻结向匈牙利提供的数十亿欧元资金。
Magyar’s center-right, pro-European Tisza party defeated Orbán’s far-right Fidesz in April, ending 16 years of rule admired by the global nationalist right for its antagonistic approach to the EU and strong stance against immigration and the “liberal mainstream.”Orbán’s self-described “illiberal democracy” dismantled checks and balances and enriched allied business figures, largely through awarding them lucrative EU-financed state contracts. Concerns over corruption and democratic backsliding prompted the bloc to begin withholding billions in funding to Hungary in 2021.
在大选前，马扎尔承诺将把过去滥用职权的责任人绳之以法，并追回欧尔班执政期间被挪用的公共资产。最近的民调显示，绝大多数选民期待他兑现这一承诺。
Before the election, Magyar promised to bring those responsible for past abuses to justice and to recover public assets misused under Orbán. Recent polls show a large majority of voters expect him to fulfill that pledge.
马扎尔政府成立了国家资产追回与保护办公室，该机构拥有调查和起诉权，可追究公共资金被挪用的案件。马扎尔称该办公室为“超级机构”，能够调动警方、检察机关和国家税务局，“使得揭露复杂腐败案件不再需要数年时间”。马扎尔还申请加入欧洲检察官办公室，该机构负责调查涉及欧盟资金的犯罪，此举扭转了欧尔班长期以来拒绝参与的立场。
Magyar’s government established the National Asset Recovery and Protection Office, which holds investigative and prosecutorial powers to pursue cases of misused public funds. Magyar called the office a “superauthority” that can enlist police, prosecutors and the national tax authority “so that it doesn’t take years to uncover a complicated corruption case.”Magyar has also applied to join the European Public Prosecutor’s Office, which investigates crimes involving EU funds, reversing Orbán’s longstanding refusal to participate.
虽然已有多名前官员因涉嫌腐败相关罪行被拘留，但马扎尔承认外界要求更快出成果的压力很大。
While several former officials have already been detained on suspicion of corruption-related offenses, Magyar acknowledged there is pressure for quicker results.
“我感受到了这种急躁情绪，”他说。“但大家必须明白，我们要建设一个法治国家、一个民主国家、一个遵守欧盟规则和基本权利的国家，这需要时间。”“我试着告诉人们，黑帮片和犯罪片最精彩的不是开头前10分钟，而是中段和结尾，”他说。
“I feel the impatience,” he said. “But everyone must understand that we want to build a rule of law state, a democratic country, a country that complies with EU and fundamental rights, and that takes time.”“I try to tell people that it’s not the first 10 minutes of mafia movies and crime films that are the most exciting, but the middle and the end,” he said.
针对腐败和强化司法独立的快速改革，帮助欧盟在5月宣布解冻此前因欧尔班执政而冻结的164亿欧元（约合184亿美元）对匈牙利援助资金。
Rapid reforms targeting corruption and bolstering judicial independence helped secure the EU’s announcement in May that it would unlock 16.4 billion euros (around $18.4 billion) for Hungary that it had frozen under Orbán.
欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩将于周五访问布达佩斯，出席匈牙利1956年反苏革命70周年纪念活动，这也是匈欧关系这一坎坷历程正在迎来转机的又一迹象。但这种关系缓和并未消除在移民问题上的分歧。
European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen will visit Budapest on Friday for the 70th anniversary of Hungary’s 1956 anti-Soviet revolution in another sign that the bumpy relationship with the EU is turning a corner. But the rapprochement has not erased differences over migration.
马扎尔表示，其政府将保留欧尔班时代的移民和庇护政策，包括将非法入境的移民押送回南部边境的塞尔维亚。欧尔班于2015年在边境修建的带刺铁丝网围栏，用以阻挡移民和庇护申请者，也将继续保留。
Magyar said his administration would retain Orbán-era immigration and asylum policies, including escorting migrants who entered irregularly back across the southern border into Serbia. The fences with razor wire along the border, erected by Orbán in 2015 to keep out migrants and asylum seekers, will also stay in place.
2024年，欧洲法院因匈牙利未遵守2020年关于其庇护和遣返做法的裁决，对其处以2亿欧元（约合2.25亿美元）罚款，外加每日100万欧元（约合110万美元）的罚金。
In 2024, the European Court of Justice fined Hungary 200 million euros ($225 million) plus 1 million euros ($1.1 million) daily for failing to comply with a 2020 ruling on its asylum and removal practices.
马扎尔表示，自该裁决以来，“欧盟在移民问题上已出现完全不同的政治环境”，匈牙利“因这一惩罚已损失10亿欧元，我认为这不对”。他预计将在年底前达成协议终止罚款，并将该争端与欧盟未来七年预算的谈判挂钩，后者需要成员国一致通过。
Magyar said that since that ruling, “there is a completely new political environment” in the EU concerning immigration, and that Hungary had “already lost one billion euros because of this punishment, and I don’t think that’s right.”He expects an agreement ending the fines by the end of the year, and linked the dispute to negotiations on the EU’s next seven-year budget, which requires unanimous approval from member states.
他说：“我不认为在解决这一问题之前，能够达成共同的欧盟预算。”
“I don’t believe that there can be a common EU budget until this problem is solved,” he said.
马扎尔还寻求修复与邻国乌克兰的关系。此前，奥尔班多次阻挠对基辅的援助并拖延欧盟对俄罗斯的制裁，同时与俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京保持友好关系。
Magyar has also sought to repair relations with neighboring Ukraine after Orbán repeatedly blocked aid to Kyiv and held up EU sanctions against Russia, all while maintaining cordial ties with Russian President Vladimir Putin.
与奥尔班对基辅的敌对做法形成转变，马扎尔政府已表达对乌克兰的声援，并将俄罗斯定性为国家安全威胁。但他坚持匈牙利的要求，即乌克兰保障其境内匈牙利族少数群体用母语接受教育的权利。
In a turnabout from Orbán’s hostile approach to Kyiv, Magyar’s government has expressed solidarity with Ukraine and designated Russia a national security threat. But he has maintained Hungary’s demand that Ukraine protect its ethnic Hungarian minority’s right to education in its mother tongue.
奥尔班政府未能争取到这一变化，而乌克兰议会在经过数周的双边磋商后，上周扩大了乌克兰语之外的少数民族语言教育权利。
While Orbán’s government had failed to secure such a change, Ukraine’s parliament last week expanded minority-language education rights alongside Ukrainian following weeks of bilateral consultations.
马扎尔称该法案的通过是“开启匈牙利—乌克兰关系新篇章的机会”，并表示该关系多年来一直“非常冷淡”。
Magyar called the passage of the law “a chance to open a new chapter in Ukrainian-Hungarian relations,” which he said for many years have been “very frosty.”
他欢迎乌克兰的其他善意举动，包括承认苏联时期的乌克兰对1944年至1946年间匈牙利人的驱逐和酷刑负有责任，他称这是“迈向和解的重要一步”。不过，马扎尔反对乌克兰加速加入欧盟——这一主张由乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基和众多欧盟领导人提出——他说，入盟必须基于功绩，并且他不相信一个处于战争状态的国家能够加入该集团。
He welcomed other Ukrainian gestures, including acknowledging Soviet Ukraine’s responsibility for the deportation and torture of Hungarians between 1944 and 1946, which he said was “an important step toward reconciliation.”Still, Magyar opposes accelerated EU membership for Ukraine — advocated by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and numerous EU leaders — saying accession must be merit based and that he does not believe a country at war can join the bloc.
“如果把一些（潜在）成员国放在快车道上，这将损害欧盟的可信度，”他说。
“It undermines the credibility of the European Union if you put some (prospective) member countries on a fast track,” he said.
在国内，马扎尔提出的2027年预算将为低收入者减税，同时征收新的财富税，反映了他对欧尔班经济政策的批评，即该政策将匈牙利分为两类人：“富裕人士、寡头及其圈子，然后是所有其他人。”政府预计，对净资产超过10亿福林（约合310万美元）的部分征收每年1%的财富税，将影响约1.5万人，筹集2000亿福林（约合6.17亿美元），用于资助约200万低收入者的减税。对超过1000亿福林（约合3.08亿美元）的财富，税率将上调至1.5%。
At home, Magyar’s proposed 2027 budget combines tax cuts for lower earners with a new wealth tax, reflecting his criticism that Orbán’s economic policies divided Hungary into two groups: “Well-to-do, wealthy people, oligarchs and their circles, and then all the rest.”The government expects an annual 1% tax on net wealth above 1 billion forints ($3.1 million) to affect about 15,000 people and raise 200 billion forints ($617 million), helping finance tax cuts for around 2 million lower earners. The rate would rise to 1.5% on wealth above 100 billion forints ($308 million).
政府还计划将儿童津贴翻倍，其基本标准为一个孩子的家庭每月约37美元，自2008年以来一直未变。政府还将每月最低养老金从约88美元（马扎尔称其为“不人道”）提高到约370美元，增幅超过四倍。
The government also plans to double child allowances, whose basic rate is around $37 monthly for a one-child family and has been unchanged since 2008. It will also more than quadruple the monthly minimum pension from around $88 — which Magyar called “inhumane” — to around $370.
“这并不使我成为社会主义者。这并不使我成为左翼人士。这叫人道。这叫社会正义，”马扎尔说。
“That doesn’t make me a socialist. That doesn’t make me a leftist. This is called humanity. This is called social justice,” Magyar said.