华盛顿，10月23日 —— 在本月早些时候限制乌克兰军方使用埃隆·马斯克的卫星通信系统之前，拜登和特朗普政府曾多次要求SpaceX在不同国家开启或关闭其“星链”服务，据六位知情的前美国高级官员透露。
WASHINGTON, Oct 23 - Well before the throttling this month of Ukraine's military access to Elon Musk's satellite communications system, the Biden and Trump administrations had several times asked SpaceX to turn its Starlink service on or off in various countries, according to six former senior US officials familiar with the matter.
据其中四位前官员称，在乔·拜登总统任内，相关要求包括关闭服务以防止也门和黎巴嫩的伊朗代理民兵利用“星链”进行通信，以及开启服务以在伊朗境内和乌克兰提供互联网接入，支持乌克兰军方。
During the presidency of Joe Biden, the requests included switching off the service to prevent Iranian proxy militias in Yemen and Lebanon from using Starlink to communicate, and activating the service to provide internet access inside Iran and in Ukraine to support its military, said four of the former officials.
同样，唐纳德·特朗普总统的政府曾要求作为SpaceX首席执行官的马斯克，在2025年和2026年美以空袭后让伊朗使用该服务，希望借此加强伊朗反政府抗议者的互联网接入和通信能力，一位前特朗普政府高级官员和一位知情人士向路透社表示。
Similarly, President Donald Trump's administration asked Musk, who is CEO of SpaceX, to make the service available in Iran following US-Israeli strikes in 2025 and 2026, in hopes it would bolster internet access and communications for anti-government protesters, a former senior Trump official and a person familiar with the matter told Reuters.
所有知情人士均要求匿名。此前美国政府关于“星链”接入的要求在此首次被披露。
All of the people spoke on condition of anonymity. The previous US requests about Starlink access are being reported here for the first time.
最近围绕对乌克兰使用SpaceX卫星服务实施限制的争议，引发了关于美国政府与马斯克关系的质疑，后者的公司拥有对美军及美国盟友至关重要的系统。
The recent blowup over restrictions to Ukraine's use of SpaceX satellite services has raised questions about the ties between the US government and Musk, whose company owns systems vital to the US military and to US allies.
拜登时期和特朗普时期的要求显示了一种紧密关系，即美国政府以前所未有的程度依赖一家私营公司来协助实施外交政策。
The Biden-era and Trump requests to Musk show a close relationship in which US administrations rely to an unprecedented degree on a private-sector company to help implement foreign policy.
尽管乌克兰是美国盟友，但最近的限制措施也让欧洲官员感到不安，其中一些人主张欧洲必须发展自己的军用卫星通信能力，因为目前不存在可行的短期替代方案。
The recent limits on Ukraine, despite being a US ally, have also rattled officials in Europe, some of whom argue that Europe must develop its own military satellite communications capabilities because no viable short-term alternative currently exists.
乌克兰总统泽连斯基上周表示，该国对“星盾”（Starshield，即“星链”系统的军用版本）的使用权限被人为限制，干扰了乌克兰军用无人机的性能表现。他还称，“星链”的速度遭到降低，而乌克兰将“星链”用于部分军事活动，包括防御俄罗斯导弹袭击。
STARSHIELD RESTRICTIONS HOBBLE UKRAINE MILITARY Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy said last week that his country's access to Starshield, the military version of the Starlink system, had been intentionally limited, interfering with the performance of the country’s military drones. He also said the speeds were reduced for Starlink, which Ukraine uses for some military activities including defense against Russian missile attacks.
路透社报道称，限制“星盾”速度的指令来自白宫内部。特朗普政府已承认出现降速情况，但未说明是否由其下达指令。
Reuters has reported that the order to throttle Starshield came from inside the White House. The Trump administration has acknowledged the slowdown but has not said whether it gave the order.
白宫在被联系置评时，将路透社引向特朗普周五的言论。特朗普当时表示，他未与马斯克就乌克兰“星链”接入问题进行过交谈，并称“如果有问题，我会把它解决掉。”
The White House, contacted for comment, referred Reuters to Trump's remarks on Friday, when he said he had not spoken with Musk about Starlink access issues for Ukraine and that "if there is a problem, I'll get it straightened out."
乌克兰驻华盛顿大使馆发言人哈莉娜·尤西皮乌克表示，乌克兰的当务之急是“尽快将服务恢复至正常速度，因为我们人民的生命取决于此。”
Halyna Yusypiuk, a spokesperson for the Ukrainian embassy in Washington, said Ukraine's priority is "to have the service restored to normal speed as soon as possible, as the lives of our people depend on it."
SpaceX未回应置评请求，尽管马斯克本周早些时候在社交媒体发文称：“‘星盾’系统由美国政府拥有和控制。任何速度或使用限制均由美军决定，最终（由美国总统决定）。”美国民主党众议员杰森·克劳周五呼吁就乌克兰卫星服务近期的变动予以澄清，称美国对SpaceX的依赖存在风险。
SpaceX did not respond to requests for comment, although Musk said in a social media post earlier this week: “Starshield systems are owned and controlled by the US government. Any limits on speed or usage are decided by the US military and ultimately (by the president of the United States).”Democratic US Representative Jason Crow called on Friday for clarity about the recent changes to Ukraine's satellite service, saying there are risks to the US dependence on SpaceX.
“未经选举的亿万富翁和私营企业不应决定什么符合美国国家安全的最佳利益，”克劳说。
"Unelected billionaires and private corporations should not decide what is in the best interest of America's national security," Crow said.
对乌克兰而言，“星链”互联网服务已成为前线部队间通信的命脉，前线人员表示，目前没有任何竞争对手能匹敌SpaceX产品的能力。
For Ukraine, the Starlink internet service has become the lifeblood of frontline communication between units, who say there is currently no rival to the capabilities of SpaceX's products.
Starshield接收机在很大程度上不受无线电干扰影响，被用作机载制导系统，并为远程飞行员提供与乌克兰无人机的链路，包括在乌克兰境内俄罗斯防线深处。
Starshield receivers, largely impervious to radio jamming, are used as onboard guidance systems and to provide links to a remote pilot for Ukrainian drones, including deep behind Russian lines inside Ukraine.
马斯克的影响力引发不确定性 马斯克作为一家对美国国家安全拥有巨大影响力公司的意志坚定的首席执行官，其角色有时引发了关于谁在决定SpaceX卫星服务的问题。
MUSK'S INFLUENCE RAISES UNCERTAINTY Musk's role as the strong-willed CEO of a company with outsized influence over US national security has at times raised questions over who is making decisions about SpaceX's satellite services.
“他的身份本应是拥有政府合同的企业高管，但他实际上是在做出重大的外交政策决策，”卫星行业咨询公司Summit Ridge Group总裁阿曼德·缪塞说。
The SpaceX CEO is "supposed to be a business executive, with government contracts, and he's essentially making huge foreign policy decisions," said Armand Musey, president of Summit Ridge Group, a satellite industry consultancy.
“他这个人有足够的模糊性，让你不知道他的决定究竟是个人怪癖，还是受到了其他地方影响的作用，”缪塞说。
"He's sufficiently ambiguous of a person that you don't know if his decisions are sort of his personal quirks, or it's because there's an influence elsewhere that's impacting him," Musey said.
据路透社报道，在过去几年里，马斯克曾采取行动限制乌克兰使用Starlink。2022年，马斯克下令SpaceX人员切断乌克兰试图收复地区的Starlink覆盖，此举令白宫官员感到意外。
In previous years, Musk has moved to limit Ukraine’s access to Starlink. In 2022, according to Reuters reporting, Musk ordered SpaceX personnel to cut Starlink coverage in areas Ukraine was trying to retake, a move that surprised White House officials.
马斯克曾公开表示，他拒绝了乌克兰2022年要求在克里米亚港口城市塞瓦斯托波尔激活其卫星网络以协助攻击俄罗斯舰队的请求，称他担心会卷入一场重大战争行为。五位前官员表示，拜登政府有时依赖马斯克来帮助执行政策。
Musk has said publicly that he refused a 2022 Ukrainian request to activate his satellite network in Crimea's port city of Sevastopol to aid an attack on Russia's fleet there, saying he feared complicity in a major act of war. The Biden administration at times relied on Musk to help implement policy, five of the former officials said.
他们表示，拜登官员与SpaceX协调，通过切断服务来挫败美国对手，通过扩大Starlink的可用性来帮助盟友。
Biden officials coordinated with SpaceX to thwart US adversaries by cutting the service, and to help allies by expanding Starlink’s availability, they said.
他们补充说，政府与SpaceX之间的讨论通常包括五角大楼和白宫官员，往往集中在防止也门的伊朗支持的胡塞武装和黎巴嫩真主党等组织使用Starlink终端。
They added that discussions between the government and SpaceX, which usually included Pentagon and White House officials, often focused on preventing groups such as the Iranian-linked Houthis in Yemen and Hezbollah in Lebanon from using Starlink terminals.
拜登政府官员曾多次与SpaceX共享情报，显示胡塞武装和真主党正在使用被转移的Starlink终端——这些硬件通过中间商流入了武装分子手中。
Biden officials several times shared intelligence with SpaceX that indicated that the Houthis and Hezbollah were using diverted Starlink terminals — hardware that made its way to the militants through intermediaries.
2023年10月，在以色列与黎巴嫩南部真主党武装分子交战期间，情报官员告知白宫，与真主党有关联的个人可能已获得Starlink终端的使用权。五名官员表示，官员们在2024年对也门胡塞武装也有类似担忧，当时美国正在对这个与伊朗有关联的组织发动空中打击。
In October 2023, during fighting between Israel and Hezbollah militants in southern Lebanon, intelligence officials told the White House that individuals linked to Hezbollah could have gained access to Starlink terminals. Officials had similar concerns about the Houthis in Yemen in 2024 during a US air campaign against the Iran-linked group, five of the officials said.
在这两种情况下，政府都联系了SpaceX，要求其识别这些终端并将其关闭。两名官员表示，至少部分终端已被停用。
In both cases, the administration contacted SpaceX and asked it to identify the terminals and shut them off. At least some of the terminals were deactivated, said two of the officials.
SpaceX在2024年向美国商务部工业与安全局提交的文件中表示，该公司与美国政府机构密切合作，在需要时获取出口授权，并保护技术以支持美国国家安全目标和外交政策目标。
In a 2024 submission to the US Commerce Department's Bureau of Industry and Security, SpaceX said it works closely with US government agencies to secure export authorizations where required and to safeguard technology in support of US national security objectives and foreign policy goals.
2022年俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰后不久，拜登政府官员推动SpaceX扩大Starlink为乌克兰军方的使用，两名前官员透露了这一情况。
Soon after Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Biden officials pushed SpaceX to expand Starlink use for the Ukrainian military, said two of the former officials.
据一名前官员称，在另一个案例中，拜登政府曾要求SpaceX在伊朗开通Starlink服务，当时正值2022年9月马赫萨·阿米尼（Mahsa Amini）死亡后爆发的抗议运动，阿米尼是一名因未正确佩戴头巾而被捕的伊朗人。
In a separate instance, the Biden administration asked SpaceX to turn on Starlink in Iran during a protest movement launched in September 2022 after the death of Mahsa Amini, an Iranian arrested for not wearing her hijab properly, according to one of the former officials.
这名官员表示，在政府帮助下，Starlink终端被运入该国，但该官员拒绝透露转移了多少终端。
Starlink terminals were moved into the country with the help of the administration, said the official, who declined to say how many were transferred.
一名前特朗普政府高级官员和一位知情人士告诉路透社，特朗普政府今年早些时候采取了类似步骤，并与马斯克及SpaceX讨论在2025年6月美以空袭伊朗后以及2026年2月再次空袭后，将Starlink终端运入伊朗并予以激活。
The Trump administration took a similar step earlier this year and discussed with Musk and SpaceX getting Starlink terminals into Iran and activated following US-Israeli strikes in the country in June 2025 and again in February 2026, a former senior Trump official and a person familiar with the matter told Reuters.
特朗普政府和SpaceX均未公开证实这些终端已被开启。《华尔街日报》2月报道称，美国政府已向伊朗运送了数千个星链终端。伊朗驻联合国代表团未回应置评请求。
Neither the Trump administration nor SpaceX has publicly confirmed that those terminals were turned on. The Wall Street Journal reported in February that the US government had sent thousands of Starlink terminals into Iran. Iran's delegation to the UN did not respond to a request for comment.