雅加达 -- 根据周四发布的一项研究，长期暴露在肆虐的森林和泥炭地火灾产生的有毒烟雾中，导致印度尼西亚在8月和9月至少造成5,200人死亡，居住在婆罗洲和苏门答腊的人受影响最严重。
JAKARTA -- Prolonged exposure to toxic smoke from raging forest and peatland fires was responsible for at least 5,200 deaths in Indonesia in August and September, with people living in Borneo and Sumatra suffering the most, according to a study released on Thursday.
总部位于芬兰的能源与清洁空气研究中心（CREA）估计，仅9月份印度尼西亚就有3,560人死于火灾烟雾，高于8月份的1,700人。该机构尚未发布10月份的估算数据。
The Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), a Finland-based organization, estimated 3,560 deaths in Indonesia in September alone due to smoke from the fires, up from 1,700 deaths in August. It has yet to release October estimates.
婆罗洲岛印度尼西亚领土加里曼丹的三个省份上个月死亡风险最高。中加里曼丹省以每10万人14人死亡位居榜首，南加里曼丹和西加里曼丹以每10万人9人死亡紧随其后。
Three provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo island, last month had the highest mortality risk. Central Kalimantan topped the list with 14 deaths per 100,000 people, followed by South and West Kalimantan with nine deaths per 100,000.
报告将死亡归因于被称为PM2.5的细颗粒物浓度过高，这种颗粒物可深入肺部，对呼吸系统和循环系统造成严重损害。
The report attributes the mortality to high levels of fine particulate matter known as PM2.5, which can lodge deep into the lungs and cause serious damage to respiratory and circulatory systems.
CREA表示：“森林和土地火灾的激增将细颗粒物（PM2.5）水平推向了前所未有的高度。”
"The surge in forest and land fires pushed fine particulate matter (PM2.5) levels to unprecedented levels," CREA said.
该机构称，厄尔尼诺气候现象带来的干旱在一定程度上加剧了9月份的局势，加里曼丹以及苏拉威西和巴布亚岛上个月火灾活动的“持续增加”已超越2015年创下的纪录。火灾和烟霾是每年旱季都会出现的问题。
It attributed the worsening situation in September partly to droughts brought by the El Nino climate phenomenon, saying the "consistent increase" in fire activity in Kalimantan, as well as Sulawesi and Papua islands last month already surpassed records set in 2015. The fires and haze are an annual problem that hit during the region's dry season.
据哈佛大学和哥伦比亚大学的一项研究，2015年强厄尔尼诺来袭时，印度尼西亚的火灾及其喷出的跨境烟霾造成估计10万人过早死亡，主要在印度尼西亚，新加坡和马来西亚也受影响。
When a strong El Nino hit in 2015, fires in Indonesia and the transboundary haze they belched caused an estimated 100,000 premature deaths, mostly in Indonesia but also in Singapore and Malaysia, according to a study by Harvard and Columbia universities.
CREA称，中加里曼丹和西加里曼丹主要城市的日均PM2.5水平超过世界卫生组织24小时阈值（每立方米15微克）20倍以上。苏门答腊一些城市的水平为世卫组织限值的8到10倍。
CREA said the average daily PM2.5 levels in major cities in Central and West Kalimantan were more than 20 times the World Health Organization's 24-hour threshold of 15 micrograms per cubic meter. In some Sumatra cities, the levels were eight to 10 times the WHO limit.
学生们于10月28日在雅加达举行集会，抗议他们所谓的政府对打击东南亚最大经济体的多重危机反应不力，其中包括过去几个月在婆罗洲和苏门答腊肆虐的森林和泥炭地火灾，导致有毒烟雾弥漫。
Students hold a rally in Jakarta on Oct. 28, protesting what they call the government's poor response to multiple crises hitting Southeast Asia's largest economy, including forest and peatland fires that have raged in Borneo and Sumatra over the past few months, causing toxic haze.
该研究小组补充称，全国范围内，9月份有5800万公民暴露在“不健康”到“危险”级别的空气中，创下月度纪录，较8月的峰值激增40%。
Nationwide, 58 million citizens were exposed to "unhealthy" to "hazardous" air in September, a monthly record and a 40% jump from August's peak, the research group added.
火灾和烟雾重灾区的居民表示，这场危机从7月就开始显现。当时厄尔尼诺现象来袭，给东南亚部分地区带来多年来最严重的干旱，加剧了本已易燃的植被和泥炭地的火灾风险。
Residents in areas hardest hit by fires and smoke said the crisis has been unfolding since July. That's when El Nino arrived, bringing the worst drought in years to parts of Southeast Asia and heightening the risk to vegetation and peatlands already vulnerable to burning.
但雅加达和新加坡的当局——新加坡同样受到从印度尼西亚飘来的有毒烟雾影响——正在调查棕榈油公司以及造纸企业，因为在它们的印度尼西亚特许经营区内发现了热点。
But authorities in Jakarta and Singapore, which is also affected by the hazardous haze wafting from Indonesia, are investigating palm oil companies as well as pulp and paper businesses over hot spots detected within their Indonesian concessions.
周三，示威活动席卷雅加达、万隆、望加锡等印尼城市，抗议者要求政府将森林和泥炭地火灾宣布为国家灾难。这将触发更强有力的应对措施，并允许更多国际援助进入。
Demonstrations on Wednesday swept Jakarta, Bandung, Makassar and other Indonesian cities, with protesters demanding the government declare the forest and peatland fires a national disaster. This would trigger a greater response and allow in more international aid.
周四，国家灾害管理机构（BNPB）发布数据显示，前24小时内有10781公顷森林和土地被烧毁，检测到1593个热点。
On Thursday, the National Disaster Mitigation Agency (BNPB) released data showing that 10,781 hectares of forests and land had burned in the preceding 24 hours, with 1,593 hotspots detected.
BNPB发言人贝尔顿·潘查坦表示，该机构将与其他政府部门协调审查CREA报告，并补充称，模型估算的死亡人数与政府记录并单独核实的数字不同。他未提及政府记录了多少起火灾和烟雾相关的死亡病例。
BNPB spokesperson Berton Panjaitan said the agency will coordinate with other governmental bodies to review the CREA report, adding that the modeled estimates of deaths were different from figures recorded and individually verified by the government. He did not mention how many fires and haze-related deaths the government has recorded.
“评估健康影响需要拥有卫生和空气质量领域权威与专业知识的机构提供的数据和分析，”潘贾伊坦对《日经亚洲》表示。“我们将加强协调，使对森林和土地火灾的应对不再仅仅集中在扑灭火焰上，还要着重减轻健康影响并确保公众安全。”印度尼西亚卫生部也对《日经亚洲》表示，他们将审查该研究。
"Assessing health impacts requires data and analysis from agencies that possess the authority and expertise in the fields of health and air quality," Panjaitan told Nikkei Asia. "We will strengthen coordination so that the response to forest and land fires is not focused solely on extinguishing the flames, but also on mitigating health impacts and ensuring public safety." Indonesia's Ministry of Health also told Nikkei Asia that they would review the study.
预算限制引发了对印度尼西亚灾害防范能力的担忧。国家灾害管理机构（BNPB）2026 年的初始预算被削减至 4910 亿印尼盾（约合 2700 万美元），较去年下降 76%。
Budget constraints have raised concerns over Indonesia's disaster preparedness. BNPB's initial 2026 budget was cut to 491 billion rupiah ($27 million), down 76% from last year.