愤怒情绪正在不断高涨，矛头指向被指控在印度尼西亚焚烧土地的公司，以及未能阻止这些行为的主管部门。
Anger is mounting at the companies accused of burning land in Indonesia and the authorities who have failed to stop them.
作者：科·埃韦（Koh Ewe）随着印度尼西亚经历其十年中最严重的野火季，有毒烟霾正令该地区数百万居民窒息。
By Koh Ewe As Indonesia battles its worst wildfire season in a decade, a toxic smog is choking millions of residents in the region.
加里曼丹岛和苏门答腊岛的空气已经变成了不祥的琥珀色，空气质量被记录达到危险水平。
The air on the islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra have turned an ominous amber, with air quality recorded at hazardous levels.
这种烟霾——也被称为雾霾——还飘过了印度尼西亚的边境，进入邻国，引发了公众对健康的担忧。它遮蔽了新加坡的天际线，并迫使马来西亚的一些学校停课。
The smog - also known as the haze - has also drifted beyond Indonesia's borders to neighbouring countries, raising public health concerns. It has obscured Singapore's skyline and forced some schools to close in Malaysia.
现在，愤怒情绪正不断高涨，矛头指向被指控焚烧农田的公司，以及在阻止这些行为方面举步维艰的主管部门。
Now, anger is mounting at the companies accused of burning farmland - as well as the authorities who have struggled to stop them.
由于异常强烈的厄尔尼诺现象——一种改变全球天气模式的自然气候现象，今年的年度旱季野火尤为猛烈。
The annual dry season wildfires have been especially intense this year because of an unusually strong El Niño - a natural climate phenomenon which changes weather patterns around the world.
根据独立森林监测平台“群岛地图集”（Nusantara Atlas）的数据，印度尼西亚已记录到104.3377万个野火热点，共烧毁90万公顷土地。
According to independent forest monitoring platform Nusantara Atlas, 1,043,377 wildfire hotspots have been recorded in Indonesia, burning a total of 900,000 hectares of land.
刀耕火种 印度尼西亚森林和泥炭地中的许多此类火灾，是由铲除植被以清理土地引起的——这种做法被称为“刀耕火种”。
Slash and burn Many of these fires in Indonesia's forests and peatlands are caused by the razing of vegetation to clear land - a practice known as "slash and burn".
这是一种传统上被印度尼西亚农民采用的农业方法，旨在为新农作物创造富含养分的土壤。
This is an agricultural method that has traditionally been employed by farmers in Indonesia to create nutrient-rich soil for new crops.
但如今，这些火灾中的许多都与商业农业有关，并且在规模上要大得多——也更加难以控制。活动人士和政府调查已多次指控一些公司利用火灾作为清理大片土地的廉价方法。
But today, many of these fires are associated with commercial farming and are taking place on a much larger scale - and are harder to control. Activists and government investigations have repeatedly accused some companies of using fire as a cheap way to clear large swathes of land.
虽然刀耕火种式的农业在印度尼西亚是非法的，但长期以来，对这一禁令的执法已被证明十分棘手。
While slash-and-burn farming is illegal in Indonesia, enforcement of a ban has long proven tricky.
但今年持续的雾霾促使印度尼西亚主管部门加大了惩处违法者的力度。
But persistent haze this year has prompted Indonesian authorities to step up efforts to punish offenders.
印度尼西亚总统普拉博沃·苏比安托呼吁对刀耕火种农业实施更严厉的制裁，并将这种做法描述为“生态恐怖主义”。
Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto has called for tougher sanctions against slash-and-burn farming, describing the practice as "ecological terrorism".
上个月，印度尼西亚当局宣布，他们已暂停26家与山火有关联的公司的营业执照，并对其他公司展开调查。官员们承诺，涉及犯罪因素的案件将提交法庭审理。但不仅仅是印度尼西亚公司卷入了雾霾问题的争议。
Last month, Indonesian authorities announced they had suspended the operating licences of 26 companies linked to the wildfires and launched investigations into others. Cases involving criminal elements would be taken to court, officials vowed. But it's not just Indonesian companies that have been embroiled in controversy amid the haze problem.
本月，绿色和平组织发布的一份报告指出，新加坡和马来西亚的一些企业与印度尼西亚发生山火的土地有关联。
A Greenpeace report published this month identified businesses based in Singapore and Malaysia which are linked to plots of land in Indonesia where wildfires are burning.
其中包括新加坡的棕榈油公司First Resources。根据绿色和平组织的报告，在8月至9月期间，其两家印度尼西亚子公司管理的土地上记录了超过30个雾霾源点。
This includes First Resources, a Singapore-based palm oil company. Between August and September more than 30 haze source points were recorded on land managed by its two Indonesian subsidiaries, according to Greenpeace.
First Resources在向BBC发表的声明中表示，其在所有种植活动中坚持“严格的零燃烧政策”，并在整个运营过程中实施了强有力的防火、监测和灭火措施。
First Resources told the BBC in a statement that it maintained a "strict zero burning policy across all planting activities and implement robust fire prevention, monitoring and firefighting measures throughout our operations".
绿色和平组织还点名了马来西亚种植集团吉隆坡甲洞（Kuala Lumpur Kepong），其子公司PT Menteng Jaya Sawit Perdana管理的印度尼西亚土地上记录了19个雾霾源点。
Greenpeace also named Malaysian plantation group Kuala Lumpur Kepong, whose subsidiary PT Menteng Jaya Sawit Perdana managed land in Indonesia where 19 haze source points were recorded.
吉隆坡甲洞在一份声明中表示，“大多数”火灾起源于其特许经营区之外，并且所有火灾均已扑灭。
Kuala Lumpur Kepong said in a statement that a "majority" of the fires originated from beyond its concession area and had all been extinguished.
该公司表示：“我们在运营过程中不容许也不允许为土地准备或任何其他目的而使用明火燃烧。”
"We do not condone or permit the use of open burning for land preparation or any other purpose across our operations," it said.
“当没有烟雾时，我们输送氧气”目前尚不清楚政府在制裁违规公司方面能有多大效果。
'When there is no smoke, we send oxygen' It remains to be seen how effective governments can be in sanctioning offending companies.
2014年，新加坡通过了《跨境雾霾污染法》，该法允许政府对被认定为导致雾霾的本地和外国公司采取行动。
In 2014, Singapore passed the Transboundary Haze Pollution Act which allows the government to take action against local and foreign firms found to be contributing to the haze.
第二年，当新加坡遭遇严重雾霾时，当局向几家被认为通过焚烧方式清理土地的印度尼西亚公司发出了传票，试图根据新法对它们进行起诉。
The following year when Singapore saw a bad bout of haze, authorities issued summonses to several Indonesian companies thought to have cleared land by burning, in a bid to prosecute them under the new law.
但此举引发雅加达的强烈怒火，雅加达表示此举损害了双边关系。由于印尼拒绝合作，新加坡当局表示他们无法获得关于这些涉嫌公司的信息。
But that drew sharp ire from Jakarta, which said the move harmed bilateral ties. And with Indonesia refusing to cooperate, Singapore authorities said they could not obtain information about the suspected companies.
同样在2015年，时任印尼副总统优素福·卡拉激怒了新加坡人，当时他称：“这11个月里，他们享受着来自印尼的好空气，却从来没有感谢过我们……他们因为雾霾受了一个月的苦，就生气了。”
Also in 2015, Indonesia's then-Vice-President Jusuf Kalla angered Singaporeans when he said that "for 11 months, they enjoyed nice air from Indonesia and they never thanked us... they have suffered because of the haze for one month and they get upset".
上周末，类似的紧张局势再次浮现。印尼政府宣传机构负责人西亚甘达·奈恩戈兰表示，肆虐的野火已超出人类控制，并补充说，邻国新加坡和马来的氧气“也来自我们的森林”。
Similar tensions surfaced again last weekend when Syahganda Nainggolan, who leads Indonesia's government communications agency, said the raging wildfires were beyond human control and added that the oxygen in neighbouring Singapore and Malaysia "also comes from our forests".
他在一段在社交媒体上广泛流传的视频中补充说：“没有烟雾时，我们输送氧气”，此举引发了马来西亚人和新加坡人的批评与嘲讽。但在过去，印尼也曾因引发雾霾向邻国道歉。
"When there is no smoke, we send oxygen," he added, in a video that has been widely circulated on social media, triggering criticism and ridicule from Malaysians and Singaporeans. But Indonesia has in the past also apologised to its neighbours for causing the haze.
今年，印尼官员对新加坡和马来西亚主动提出协助应对野火表示感谢——尽管印尼尚未正式请求国际支援。在印尼，民间社会一直在努力迫使政府采取行动。
This year, Indonesian officials have thanked Singapore and Malaysia for offering to help tackle the wildfires - though it has not officially requested international support. donesia, there have been efforts by civil society to force the government to take action.
在西加里曼丹省的坤甸，几个团体对印尼政府和普拉博沃提起了集体诉讼，指控他们在频发的有毒雾霾问题上存在“重大疏忽”。
In Pontianak in the West Kalimantan province, several groups have filed a class action lawsuit against the Indonesian government and Prabowo, accusing them of "gross negligence" over recurrent toxic haze.
他们希望政府将雾霾宣布为国家灾难，这将允许采取恢复措施，例如承担医疗费用。去年在南苏门答腊也提起了类似案件，但被驳回。
They want the government to declare the haze a national disaster, which would allow for recovery measures such as the coverage of healthcare costs. A similar case was filed last year in South Sumatra, but it was dismissed.
与此同时，在加里曼丹和苏门答腊的地面上，空气污染水平已经持续数周处于危险水平。许多人别无选择，只能每天冒着有毒雾霾的危险外出。
Meanwhile, on the ground in Kalimantan and Sumatra, air pollution levels have remained at dangerous levels for weeks. There are many who have no choice but to brave the toxic smog every day.
“我现在呼吸空气时感到气短、头痛。但我仍然必须工作，”上周接受BBC印尼语采访时，苏门答腊岛 Pekanbaru 市的63岁摩托车出租车司机 Imrayedi 说。
"I'm short of breath and have a headache breathing air now. But I still have to work," Imrayedi, a 63-year-old motorcycle taxi driver in Pekanbaru city, on Sumatra island, told BBC Indonesian last week.
“政府也必须考虑像我们这样的普通百姓。请采取行动寻找解决方案，以便这一雾霾问题能够立即得到解决。”
"The government must also think about the common people like us. Please take action to find a solution so that this haze problem can be resolved immediately."