哥伦比亚“毒品恐怖分子”打击行动引发对杀戮的质疑 涉军死亡案件震动这个拥有铁腕新总统、且有过法外处决历史的国家卡米拉·库蒂尼科是路易斯·卡洛斯·莫希卡的遗孀，莫希卡于9月在一次行动中被哥伦比亚武装部队击毙。图片来源……在哥伦比亚瓜维亚雷省的农村地区，贫穷的牧场主在默默无闻中艰难维生，四周环绕着贩运可卡因的武装叛乱分子。
Colombia’s ‘Narcoterrorist’ Crackdown Raises Questions Over Killings Military-involved deaths have roiled a country with an iron-fisted new president — and a history of extrajudicial killings. Camila Qutinico, the widow of Luis Carlos Mojica, who was killed by Colombia’s Armed Forces during an operation in September. Credit... Supported by In Colombia’s rural Guaviare region, poor ranchers eke out a living in obscurity, surrounded by armed rebels who traffic cocaine.
但上个月路易斯·卡洛斯·莫希卡在那里被致命射击身亡后，他的死成了全国新闻。
But when Luis Carlos Mojica was fatally shot there last month, his death became national news.
目击者和他的遗孀称，31岁的莫希卡是一名身穿便服的平民，被一名士兵射杀。当局则称他是一名武装叛乱分子。
Witnesses and his widow said Mr. Mojica, 31, was a civilian in street clothes who was shot by a soldier. The authorities said he was an armed rebel.
他的死亡——以及至少另外两起类似的近期案件——在哥伦比亚引发了激烈辩论。
His killing — and at least two recent cases like it — have ignited fierce debate in Colombia.
这个国家新任右翼总统阿贝拉多·德拉埃斯皮耶拉的支持者表示，在多年和平谈判失败后，他对武装团体发动的铁腕打击——包括与尸袋合影、誓言追捕“土匪”——是必要的。
Supporters of the country’s new right-wing president, Abelardo De La Espriella, say his iron-fisted attack on armed groups — which has involved posing with body bags and pledging to hunt down “bandidos,” or bandits — is needed after years of failed peace talks.
批评者则指出，最近的这些死亡案件证明，在特朗普总统的推动下，德拉埃斯皮耶拉正在推行一场针对武装团体的打击行动，这场行动正在将无辜平民卷入其中，他们被虚假地贴上罪犯标签。在哥伦比亚，此类指控唤起了令人不寒而栗的记忆。
His critics point to the recent deaths as evidence that Mr. De La Espriella, spurred on by President Trump, is pursuing a crackdown on armed groups that is ensnaring innocent civilians, who are being falsely branded as criminals. In Colombia, such claims evoke haunting memories.
二十年前，当哥伦比亚军队与强大的左翼游击队作战时，士兵们杀害了约7000名平民，给尸体穿上制服、植入枪支以虚报敌方伤亡数字，一个法庭后来查明了此事。这些揭露被称为“虚假阳性”丑闻。
Two decades ago, as Colombia’s army fought powerful leftist guerrillas, soldiers killed around 7,000 civilians, dressing up and planting guns on the corpses to inflate enemy body counts, a tribunal later found. The revelations became known as the False Positives scandal.
最近三名男子——莫希卡，以及一名18岁和一名19岁的青年——被杀，令人将这些事件与那些法外处决相提并论。上个月18岁的里卡多·马丁内斯被杀后，一名左翼议员在国会举起他的海报说：“第一个假阳性。”哥伦比亚监察专员已呼吁总检察长办公室对这三起死亡事件展开调查，该办公室正在逐案审查。
The recent killings of three men — Mr. Mojica, as well as an 18-year-old and a 19-year-old — have drawn comparisons to those extrajudicial killings. After the killing of the 18-year-old, Ricardo Martínez, last month, a left-wing lawmaker held up a poster of him in Congress and said, “The first false positive.”Colombia’s ombudsman has called for an investigation of the three deaths by the attorney general’s office, which is reviewing each case.
德拉埃斯普列利亚的办公室没有回应详细提问。哥伦比亚国防部在一份声明中表示，它“拒绝编造不负责任的说法以歪曲现实”。三名哥伦比亚安全官员向《纽约时报》证实，安全部队杀害了这些男子。他们提供了此前未公开的事件细节，包括他们所称在受害者身上或附近发现武器的证据。尽管他们的说法支持官方版本，但他们要求不公布姓名，理由是总统对谁可以代表政府公开发言施加了新规定。
Mr. De La Espriella’s office did not respond to detailed questions. Colombia’s defense ministry, in a statement, said it “rejects the invention of irresponsible versions meant to distort reality.”Three Colombian security officials spoke to The New York Times, confirming that security forces had killed the men. They offered previously unpublished details about the episodes, including what they said was evidence that weapons were found on or near the victims’ bodies. While their accounts supported the official one, they asked that their names not be published, citing new rules imposed by the president on who can speak publicly on behalf of the government.
每起案件的具体情况仍不清楚，政府官员及其批评者各自给出相互矛盾的说法和细节，其中一些细节无法得到证实。
The circumstances in each case remain unclear, with government officials and their critics each offering dueling accounts and details that in some cases were impossible to confirm.
夹在中间 9月22日莫希卡死后，军方发布声明称他曾是“豪尔赫·苏亚雷斯·布里塞尼奥集团”的成员，该组织是哥伦比亚革命武装力量（FARC）的分裂派系，FARC曾是哥伦比亚最强大的左翼游击队。
Caught in the Middle After Mr. Mojica’s death on Sept. 22, the military released a statement saying he had been a member of the Jorge Suárez Briceño Bloc, a splinter group of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, once Colombia’s most powerful leftist guerrilla army.
《纽约时报》前往瓜维亚雷地区，见到了尤利·莫塔和路易斯·卡洛斯·格雷罗夫妇，他们是小规模养牛户，称自己目睹了那起致命枪击。
The Times traveled to the Guaviare region to meet a couple, Yuli Motta and Luis Carlos Guerrero, small-scale cattle ranchers who said they had witnessed the fatal shooting.
这对夫妇说，前一天晚上，一群他们不认识的人出现，要求在他们与两个孩子同住的木板小屋里过夜，他们答应了。
The night before, a group of people they did not know had appeared and asked to stay the night in the small, wood-plank home they share with their two children, the couple said, adding that they had obliged.
第二天，28岁的莫塔女士说，当她去附近树林里追赶一头走失的牛时，士兵抓住了她。他们给她戴上手铐，并就那个组织对她进行审问。
The next day, as Ms. Motta, 28, went after a stray cow in the woods nearby, soldiers grabbed her, she said. They shackled and interrogated her about the group.
几个小时后，莫希卡先生乘坐一辆皮卡车来到这对夫妇的家。格雷罗先生说，他以前见过莫希卡先生，但不知道那天他为什么会在那里。格雷罗先生说，他们正在外面说话时，莫希卡先生中枪了，并补充说当时那名男子没有携带武器。“他突然倒下了，”28岁的格雷罗先生说。
Several hours later, Mr. Mojica arrived at the couple’s home in a pickup truck. Mr. Guerrero said he had seen Mr. Mojica before but did not know why the man was there that day. They were speaking outside when Mr. Mojica was shot, Mr. Guerrero said, adding that the man had not been carrying a weapon. “He suddenly fell,” said Mr. Guerrero, 28.
格雷罗先生说，枪声仍在继续，他跑进屋里，把年幼的女儿拉到床底下。
As gunfire continued, Mr. Guerrero ran inside and pulled his young daughter under a bed, he said.
“他们离开时，房子看起来像个筛子，”莫塔女士谈到向房子开枪的士兵时说。
“They left the house looking like a colander,” Ms. Motta said of the soldiers who fired on the house.
这对夫妇说，军方曾与莫希卡先生的尸体合影，并拍了照片。之后，尸体被直升机运走。
The couple said the military had posed with Mr. Mojica’s body and taken photos. Afterward, the body was removed by helicopter.
一位接受《纽约时报》采访的官员说，部队徒步走了数英里，追捕反叛组织另一名高级成员，官员们称莫希卡先生属于该组织。这名官员说，当士兵们看到那个人在夫妇家外面时，他们没有向他开枪，因为有一个孩子在场。
One of the officials who spoke to The Times said troops had hiked for miles in pursuit of a different high-ranking member of the rebel group that officials said Mr. Mojica belonged to. When the soldiers saw that person outside the couple’s house, they did not fire on him, the official said, because a child was present.
这名官员说，士兵们后来开枪打死了莫希卡先生，因为他属于目标领导人的核心圈子。这名官员说，莫希卡先生当时携带武器，并向《纽约时报》分享了一张突击步枪的照片，据称是从他尸体三英尺外找到的。
The official said the soldiers had later shot Mr. Mojica because he belonged to the inner circle of the targeted leader. The official said Mr. Mojica had been armed and shared a photo with The Times of an assault rifle reportedly retrieved three feet from his body.
这名官员还分享了在这对夫妇家中发现的突击步枪和背包的照片，这名官员说，这些是一些组织成员留下的，他们一直留在房子里，枪声响起时逃走了。
The official also shared photos of assault rifles and rucksacks found in the couple’s home, which the official said had been left behind by some members of the group who had remained in the home and fled when gunfire erupted.
这对夫妇没有说军方朝莫希卡先生开枪时，组织成员是否还在他们家里，也没有说他们是否留下了背包。他们说，他们不知道该组织是否携带武器，也不知道其中是否有哥伦比亚革命武装力量的战斗人员。
The couple did not say whether group members were still in their home when the military fired on Mr. Mojica, or whether they had left rucksacks behind. They said they did not know if the group had been armed or included FARC group fighters.
附近村庄瓜杜阿莱斯新埃斯佩兰萨的社区委员会表示，莫希卡先生是当地的“坎佩西诺”，即农民。
The community board of the nearby hamlet of Guaduales Nueva Esperanza said Mr. Mojica was a local “campesino,” or peasant farmer.
《纽约时报》获得了一份哥伦比亚国家法医机构的报告，其中引用莫希卡先生的姐姐迈拉·米尔德里德·莫希卡的话说，在数月没有弟弟的消息后，家人“得知他被游击队招募了”。莫希卡先生的遗孀、19岁的卡米拉·库蒂尼科否认他曾是武装叛乱分子，称两人养猪和其他农场动物。无法联系到其家人置评。
The Times obtained a report by Colombia’s national forensic authority in which Mr. Mojica’s sister, Maira Mildred Mojica, was quoted as saying that after not hearing from her brother in months, the family “learned that he had been enlisted by the guerrillas.”Mr. Mojica’s widow, Camila Qutinico, 19, disputed that he was an armed rebel and said the two raised pigs and other farm animals. His family could not be reached for comment.
一位母亲的控诉 同一周，在数百英里之外，18岁的马丁内斯先生在针对加勒比海岸一个犯罪团伙头目——塞拉内华达征服自卫力量——的警方和军方行动中被击毙。
A Mother’s Accusation The same week, hundreds of miles away, Mr. Martínez, 18, was killed in a police and military operation targeting a leader of a criminal group on the Caribbean coast, the Conquering Self-Defense Forces of the Sierra Nevada.
总统发布了尸袋照片，称其中装有该团伙头目及其他六人的遗体，包括马丁内斯先生。他的母亲马雷尔维斯·罗德里格斯谴责了这起杀戮。
The president posted photos of body bags he said contained the remains of the group leader and six others, including Mr. Martínez. His mother, Marelvis Rodríguez, denounced the killing.
“你们不公正地杀死了我的儿子，”她在9月23日发布到网上的视频中说。“他是个孩子，才18岁。”罗德里格斯女士告诉记者，她的儿子并非目标团伙的成员；她说，他是被雇来为突袭发生的那处产业里的牛接种疫苗的。
“You killed my son unjustly,” she said in a video posted online on Sept. 23. “He was a kid, just 18.”Ms. Rodríguez told reporters that her son had not been part of the targeted group; he had been hired to vaccinate cattle on the property where the raid took place, she said.
另一位接受《纽约时报》采访的官员说，突袭时马丁内斯先生手持一支步枪，并描述了一张马丁内斯先生遗体的照片，显示他穿着一件带有步枪背带和弹匣袋的背心。该官员说，背心正面可见一个弹孔。
Another of the officials who spoke to The Times said Mr. Martínez had been armed with a rifle at the time of the raid and described a photograph of Mr. Martínez’s body showing him wearing a vest with rifle straps and magazine pouches. A bullet hole was visible in the front of the vest, the official said.
研究加勒比海岸活跃武装团体的专家诺尔玛·维拉·萨拉萨尔说，当地团伙以现金招募青少年是出了名的。受害者母亲罗德里格斯女士拒绝接受采访。
An expert on the armed groups active on the Caribbean coast, Norma Vera Salazar, said local groups are known to recruit teenagers with cash. Ms. Rodríguez, the victim’s mother, declined to be interviewed.
河上之死 10月初，左翼活动人士兼律师阿利·班图·阿散蒂谴责了19岁的凯纳·班格拉在哥伦比亚太平洋沿岸附近的西南部纳里尼奥地区被杀害一事，并在网上发布了这名年轻人的讣告。
A Death on the River In early October, a left-wing activist and lawyer, Alí Bantú Ashanti, denounced the killing of 19-year-old Keiner Banguera in the southwestern region of Nariño, near the Pacific Coast of Colombia, and posted the young man’s funeral announcement online.
班图先生告诉《泰晤士报》，他曾与目击者交谈，他们看到士兵在班格拉先生驾驶摩托艇行驶于塔帕赫河上时向他开枪，随后又对他进行了人身攻击。无法联系到目击者置评。
Mr. Bantú told The Times that he had spoken to witnesses who saw soldiers shoot Mr. Banguera while he motored a boat on the Tapaje River, and then physically attack him. The witnesses could not be reached for comment.
班图先生的帖子发布后，德拉埃斯普列利亚先生发布了照片，照片中有一艘小船、成堆价值约20万比索的钞票、手枪弹匣以及一枚子弹，他说这些是在军方“击毙一名向士兵开枪的毒恐分子”后缴获的。他没有点名班格拉先生。
After Mr. Bantú’s post appeared, Mr. De La Espriella posted photos of a small boat, stacks of pesos worth about $200,000, pistol magazines and a bullet he said had been recovered after the military “took down a narcoterrorist” who had fired on soldiers. He did not name Mr. Banguera.
另一位接受《泰晤士报》采访的官员说，士兵曾示意班格拉先生停下，而他向士兵开了火。
Another one of the officials who spoke to The Times said that soldiers had signaled for Mr. Banguera to stop and he had opened fire on them.
班图先生说，军方在开枪击伤班格拉先生后又对其发动攻击，超越了其法律权限。该官员对这一说法提出异议，称士兵是击中班格拉先生的腹部致其死亡。遇害者家属拒绝置评。“回到那一章”分析人士说，调查将揭示更多关于每起事件的细节，但警告说，德拉埃斯普列利亚先生的打击行动可能危及“假阳性”丑闻后武装部队内部所做的改变。
Mr. Bantú said the military had exceeded its legal authority when it attacked Mr. Banguera after shooting and wounding him. The official disputed that claim, saying soldiers had fatally shot Mr. Banguera in the stomach. The victim’s family declined to comment. ‘Back to that chapter’Analysts said investigations would reveal more about each episode, but warned that Mr. De La Espriella’s crackdown could endanger changes made within the armed forces following the False Positives scandal.
著名哥伦比亚法律学者罗德里戈·乌普里姆尼说，新的打击行动“增加了这样一种风险：安全政策的成效将再次以被杀人数来衡量”。
The new crackdown “raises the risk that the effectiveness of security policies will once again be measured by the number of people killed,” said Rodrigo Uprimny, a prominent Colombian legal scholar.
哥伦比亚监察专员伊里斯·马林说，加强军事行动不应取代正当程序，德拉埃斯普列利亚先生针对一些群体的言论是“非人化的”。她也提到了“假阳性”暴行。
Iris Marín, Colombia’s ombudsman, said an intensified military campaign should not replace due process and that Mr. De La Espriella’s rhetoric against groups was “dehumanizing.”She too invoked the False Positives atrocity.
“我不认为政府想回到那一章，”她说。“目标不是不惜一切代价取胜。”
“I don’t think the government wants to go back to that chapter,” she said. “The goal is not to win at any cost.”