Many workers across the U.S. are now back in-office a majority of the time, and they are feeling more isolated than ever.

A recent survey from researchers at the New York Fed finds that roughly half of workers based in-office don't describe a daily experience on the job that matches the goal many corporate employers stated in upping in-person mandates.

Whether three-, four- or five-day mandates, companies have cited the importance of creative collaboration for business productivity and growth, as well as mentorship opportunities. Yet workers surveyed by the NY Fed describe endless Zoom calls and Slacks, and little actual face time.

"Days in the office often lack human contact," the researchers write. Specifically, 48.8% of survey respondents said they had no in-person meetings, either with teammates or non-teammates, on the days they were most recently in the office. There are a variety of reasons for the disconnect between in-office work mandates and actual experience.

One in four workers are now fully remote, according to U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics data cited by the NY Fed, but they say that alone likely "understates the explosion in the experience of remoteness from colleagues."

With teams being spread across more offices — an effect they say has become more pronounced in the post-Covid organization structure — many workers "no-showing" on mandates, and employers not enforcing mandates strictly, the result for in-office workers, according to the researcher, is that "they commute in just to take Zoom calls and answer Slack messages from their cubicles."

The NY Fed paper, by NY Fed research economist Natalia Emanuel and University of Virginia economics professor Emma Harrington, concludes that "a staggering share of the workforce experiences this form of in-office remote work." The survey was conducted in September among a final sample of 1,835 college-educated workers. The researchers chose September, they say, to generate a "conservative estimate," since many companies push in-office attendance after summer ends, and the period between Labor Day and Thanksgiving has less remote work than holiday periods.

The survey found that on in-office days, 70.6% of workers had at least one teammate who was not in the office; while half had no in-person meetings with all participants present, and over a third had neither in-person or hybrid meetings.

"Amazingly, 37% of respondents reported that they had at least one meeting that was virtual, even though all the participants were in the same office that day. In short, many workers' commutes are simply yielding a new background for their Zoom calls," they write.

They cite the example of Zoom CEO Eric Yuan, who said in 2023, "On Zoom, it's really hard. We cannot have a great conversation. We cannot debate each other well."

But the researchers conclude, "if the debates in the office are also happening over Zoom, the benefits of the office may not be so large."

The authors say that separate data on a Fortune 500 company employee base to which they had personnel data and badge swipe data shows that nearly half of corporate employees have at least one teammate who is out of the office on their in-office days. They say additional data from the BLS's American Time Use Survey similarly show that "Americans now spend more time physically alone on days they go into the office than they did before the pandemic." Other recent polling data from Gallup found worker sentiment to be at a 15-year low.

The NY Fed authors caution that their research does not capture relationships with non-teammates, or worker's in-person interactions with clients, often outside the office. They also stress that workers who come to the office often cite seeing colleagues as a major draw. "But since the rise of remote work, the office increasingly fails to deliver this benefit," they write. They contend that the research has practical implications for both employers and employees.

For one, the experience of remote work is much more widespread than understood, which could have many repercussions, including mental health issues.

Second, organizational structure post-pandemic may not be optimal for making in-office mandates work. It may, in fact, just lead to more pushback.

But the authors do not conclude employers should give up on the mandates. To the contrary, they write, "ensuring adherence to the policy helps deliver the face-to-face contact that workers crave."