
洛杉矶 —— 美国住房政治的变革正在持续加速。本周,尼蒂亚·拉曼和贾尼斯·刘易斯·乔治分别在洛杉矶和华盛顿特区的市长选举中获胜,令这一日益壮大的当选官员群体再添新军,他们致力于同时推动强有力的租客保护和更多住房建设。
ANGELES — The revolution in American housing politics keeps picking up speed. This week’s victories by Nithya Raman and Janeese Lewis George in mayoral races in Los Angeles and Washington D.C., add to a growing cadre of elected officials pushing for both robust renter protections and more homebuilding.
这两位候选人将亲租客与亲开发政策创新性地结合在一起,造就了一对“怪异的床伴”,团结了城市左翼内部交战十余年的派系,此前随着城市住房成本飙升,双方矛盾不断激化。社会主义阵营指责大型房地产资本,认为通往住房可负担的唯一路径在于租金限制和公有住房。“YIMBY”运动(即“欢迎建在我家后院”)则将矛头指向分区法规和其他开发限制,主张住房总体短缺才是问题的根源。
The candidates’ novel pairing of pro-tenant and pro-development policies have made for strange bedfellows, uniting factions of theurban left that have warred for more than a decade as housing costs in cities have skyrocketed. The socialist camp has blamed big real estate and argued the only path to affordability lies in rent restrictions and publicly owned housing. The YIMBY movement, short for Yes In My Back Yard, has pointed the finger at zoning rules and other development restrictions and contends a shortage of housing overall is the root of the problem.
拉曼和刘易斯·乔治的崛起,继去年佐赫兰·马姆达尼在纽约市长竞选中同样融合社会主义与YIMBY视角并成功当选之后。
Raman and Lewis George’s ascendance follows that of Zohran Mamdani in New York last year who similarly married socialist and YIMBY perspectives during his successful mayoral campaign.
这三位政客均获得了美国民主社会主义者地方分会的背书,并已超越远左派对私人开发商能否在使住房更可负担方面发挥作用的根深蒂固的怀疑。
All three politicians were endorsed by local chapters of the Democratic Socialists of America and have moved past the far left’s deep-seated skepticism that private developers can play a role in making housing more affordable.
“这令人兴奋,”曾任马姆达尼过渡团队成员、现任纽约智库“公共企业中心”执行主任的保罗·威廉姆斯说。“当马姆达尼当选时,一些人认为这几乎是‘只有尼克松才能去中国’的态度。但后来简妮丝也以此为竞选纲领。妮莎也以此为竞选纲领。现在,这只是‘这就是美国现在正在发生的事情’。”蓬勃发展的“左翼YIMBY”(支持住房建设的左翼人士)运动的支持者们看到了一个机会,可以在大都市中建立一个持久的租房者联盟,将几十年来一直倡导反对在其社区建设并主导选举的房主集团挤到一边。
“It’s thrilling,” said Paul Williams, who served on Mamdani’s transition team and is executive director of the New York-based think tank Center for Public Enterprise. “When Mamdani got elected, there was almost an only-Nixon-could-go-to-China attitude that some people had about this. But then Janeese ran on it. And Nithya ran on it. Now it’s just, this is what’s happening in America now.”Supporters of the burgeoning “Left-YIMBY” movement see a path to an enduring coalition of renters in metropolises pushing aside a homeowner bloc that has typically advocated against construction in their neighborhoods and dominated at the ballot box for decades.
但新的联盟面临障碍。一位中间派批评人士称这一想法是“开发商的资本主义,房东的共产主义”,并预测,随着私人住宅建设固有的利润驱动与租户倡导者要求更大保护的呼声发生冲突,该联盟将分崩离析。
But the new union faces obstacles. One centrist critic called the idea “capitalism for developers, communism for landlords” and predicted it will fall apart as the drive for profits inherent in private homebuilding collides with demands for greater protections from tenant advocates.
到目前为止,马姆达尼在努力冻结纽约居民租金的呼吁与贷款方的担忧之间进行斡旋,同时试图争取总统唐纳德·特朗普的帮助,在皇后区的一个铁路场地上建造12000套新住房。
So far, Mamdani is navigating tensions between his push to freeze New Yorkers’ rent and concerns from lenders, while attempting to enlist President Donald Trumpto help build 12,000 new homes over a railyard in Queens.
在洛杉矶,拉曼将辞去现有的市议员职务成为市长,她在收紧洛杉矶租金管制限制的同时,还提议削减多户住宅开发税,这让她在不同阵营中引起了喜悦或愤怒——有时是同时的。
In Los Angeles, Raman, who will leave her current seat on the City Council to become mayor, has delighted or angered various camps — sometimes at the same time — as she led the charge to tighten LA’s rent control restrictions while also proposing to cut a tax on multifamily development.
在竞选期间,拉曼承诺推动在历史上一直限制增长的独栋住宅社区进行开发,改革许可程序,并成立一个新的市政府部门来处理租户投诉。在周二的选举之夜派对上,拉曼将她的政纲描述为常识。
On the campaign trail, Raman promised to push for development in single-family-home neighborhoods that have historically been off limits to growth, reform permitting practices and create a new city department to handle tenant complaints. At her election night party Tuesday, Raman cast her platform as common sense.
“我们对这座城市有这样一个愿景:让那些成就这座城市非凡之处的人也能负担得起住房,”拉曼说,“这是一个简单的愿景。在我看来,它并不激进。”支持拉曼的当地知名土地使用律师戴夫·兰德表示,开发商对这位候任市长仍持怀疑态度。但他相信,如果拉曼让许可证更容易获得,并加快洛杉矶水电局为新建筑接电的速度,开发商会改变看法。
“We have a vision for our city, one where the people who make this city extraordinary can afford a home,” Raman said. “It's a simple vision. It doesn't feel radical to me.”Dave Rand, a prominent local land-use attorney who supports Raman, said developers remain skeptical of the mayor-elect. But he’s confident they will come around if Raman makes permits easier to obtain and speeds up electricity connections to new buildings by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power.
“市政府的基本履职能力需要恢复,我认为她会做到这一点,”兰德说,“一旦做到,我想人们会更有热情在洛杉矶投资和建设。”刘易斯·乔治在当选市长前同样曾是市议会议员。她曾表示,在阅读学术研究并研究其他城市增加住房供应的努力后,她确信私人开发在缓解住房成本方面的作用。
“The basic competency of municipal government needs to come back, and I think she's going to deliver that,” Rand said. “When it happens, I think people will be more excited about investing and building in Los Angeles.”Lewis George, who also was a City Council member before her mayoral election, has saidshe became convinced of private development’s role in easing housing costs after reading academic research and studying other cities’ efforts to build more homes.
她呼吁实行更宽松的分区规划,尤其是在公共交通、公园和学校附近,同时扩大华盛顿特区的租金管制规定,并建设公有的混合收入住房。
She’s called for more permissive zoning, especially near mass transit, parks and schools, as well as expanding DC’s rent control rules and building publicly owned, mixed-income housing.
阿帕尔娜·拉杰本周以类似政纲当选华盛顿特区市议会议员。她告诉《政治报》,这场运动正在全美租户占多数的城市引起共鸣,因为太多租户难以找到住房,而且即便找到住房,也仍然容易受到租金飙升或房东骚扰的影响。
Aparna Raj, who won election this week to the DC City Council on a similar platform, told POLITICO the movement is resonating in majority-tenant cities nationwide because so many renters struggle to find homes and remain vulnerable to price spikes or landlord harassment once they do.
“我们可以让在华盛顿特区建房比过去容易得多,”身为美国民主社会主义者组织成员、租户组织者的拉杰说,“而这不必以牺牲租户为代价。”
“We can make it much easier to build housing in DC than we have been,” said Raj, a DSA member and tenant organizer. “And that doesn’t have to come at the cost of tenants.”