据塞内加尔国家广播电台（RTS）报道，11月8日，一艘当地称为“皮罗格”（pirogue）的木质渔船在Kbmer附近海域倾覆，船上载有从塞内加尔北部圣路易出发、意图前往西班牙的移民，造成至少39人死亡，仅1人幸存。这类渔船曾用于维持沿海居民生计，如今却日益被用于前往欧洲的危险旅程。大西洋移民航线长达数千公里，连接西非与西班牙加那利群岛。
At least 39 people died, and only one survived after a wooden fishing boat, known locally as a pirogue, capsized off Kbmer on November 8 while carrying migrants from Saint-Louis in northern Senegal towards Spain, according to Senegalese state broadcaster RTS. Once used to sustain coastal livelihoods, such boats are increasingly being used for dangerous journeys to Europe. The Atlantic migration route spans thousands of kilometres, linking West Africa to Spain’s Canary Islands.
近期塞内加尔近海发生的这起船难，并非孤例。欧洲各条海上航线的最新数据讲述着同一个故事：成功抵达的人变少了，途中丧生的人却变多了。
A recent shipwreck off Senegal left at least 39 people deadThis was one wreck, but it is not an isolated one.
抵达人数减少，死亡人数增加据国际移民组织（IOM）统计，1月1日至9月15日，经海路抵达欧洲的人数近6万人，较去年同期的98,040人减少39%。但至少2,292人死亡或失踪，较上年同期的1,999人增加15%。反差十分明显：在所列数据系列中，2025年抵达人数降至17,788人，而死亡和失踪人数攀升至创纪录的1,214人。
国际移民组织总干事艾米·波普（Amy Pope）表示：“几乎每一起海上死亡和失踪案例都是可以预防的。”
Across Europe’s sea routes, the latest data tells the same story: fewer people are getting through, and more are dying on the way.FEWER ARRIVALS, MORE DEATHS Nearly 60,000 people reached Europe by sea between January 1 and September 15, 39 per cent fewer than the 98,040 a year earlier. But at least 2,292 died or went missing, up 15 per cent from 1,999, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM).The contrast is stark: arrivals fell to 17,788 in 2025, while deaths and disappearances climbed to a record 1,214 in the series shownIOM chief Amy Pope said that "nearly every death and disappearance at sea is preventable."
实际伤亡人数可能更高。由于援助削减，2025年约1,500起疑似死亡个案无法核实。
The true toll is likely higher. About 1,500 suspected deaths in 2025 could not be verified after aid cuts.WHEN ROUTE CHANGE, JOURNEYS GET LONGER Tighter border controls have not stopped departures from West Africa. They have pushed boats towards more distant starting points in The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau and Guinea.
航线改变，旅程变长更严格的边境管控并未阻止西非的出发潮，反而迫使船只从更遥远的冈比亚、几内亚比绍和几内亚起航。据混合移民中心（Mixed Migration Centre）称，部分航程现已超过2,000公里，耗时长达10天。
Some journeys now cover more than 2,000 km and take up to 10 days, according to the Mixed Migration Centre.
但人员流动并未停止。11月1日至6日，4,587名移民乘坐49艘船抵达加那利群岛。人口约11,400人的埃尔耶罗岛（El Hierro）在不到一周内接收3,300多名抵达者，被迫宣布进入紧急状态。
为何出发在塞内加尔，危机早在船只抵达大西洋之前就已开始。
But the flow has not stopped. Between November 1 and 6, 4,587 migrants reached the Canary Islands in 49 boats. On El Hierro, which has a population of around 11,400, more than 3,300 arrivals in less than a week pushed the island to declare an emergency.WHY THEY LEAVE In Senegal, the crisis begins long before a boat reaches the Atlantic.
渔业支撑着沿海地区的生计，但多年的过度捕捞给该行业带来了日益增大的压力。总部位于伦敦的环境正义基金会（EJF）称，渔业雇佣了塞内加尔约 3% 的劳动力，而被评估的鱼类物种中有 57% 正在崩溃或已经崩溃。环境正义基金会指出，工业捕捞船队，特别是外国渔船，造成了压力，但问题并不局限于此。工业和小规模船队数十年的过度捕捞进一步耗尽了鱼类资源。
Fishing supports livelihoods along the coast, but years of overfishing have put growing pressure on the sector. According to the London-based Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF), fishing employs about 3 per cent of Senegal's workforce, while 57 per cent of the fish species assessed are either collapsing or already collapsed.EJF points to pressure from industrial fleets, particularly foreign vessels, though the problem is not limited to them. Decades of overfishing by both industrial and small-scale fleets have further depleted fish stocks.
对于依赖渔业的沿海社区而言，捕获量减少意味着收入萎缩、留下来的理由变少，因此，对一些人来说，曾经维持其生计的大海已成为一条出路。一门建立在绝望之上的生意联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室（UNODC）估计，2025 年有 19 万至 20.9 万人被偷运穿越欧洲的四条主要海上航线，支付的费用在 3.88 亿至 5.09 亿美元之间。
For coastal communities that depend on fishing, dwindling catches mean shrinking incomes and fewer reasons to stay and, hence, for some, the sea that once sustained their livelihoods has become a route out.A BUSINESS BUILT ON DESPERATION UNODC estimates 190,000 to 209,000 people were smuggled across Europe's four main sea routes in 2025, paying between $388 million and $509 million.
大西洋航线占 3.3 万人。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室表示：“犯罪者实施偷运犯罪是为了牟利。”
The Atlantic route accounted for 33,000. UNODC says, "Perpetrators commit smuggling offences to make a profit."
在大西洋航线上，有人支付的费用低至 170 美元。在前往意大利或马耳他的受访者中，近一半支付了 7500 美元以上。付款并不保证安全。2025 年，在四条航线上至少有 3404 人死亡或失踪，另有 10.42 万人被拦截并遣返。同样的危险存在于每一条航线，甚至在印度的后院这种模式在欧洲所有海上航线上都在重演。
Some paid as little as $170 on the Atlantic route. Among survey respondents bound for Italy or Malta, nearly half paid more than $7,500. Paying guarantees nothing. At least 3,404 people died or went missing on the four routes in 2025, and another 104,200 were intercepted and returned.THE SAME DANGER ON EVERY ROUTE, EVEN IN INDIA'S BACKYARD The pattern repeats across all of Europe’s sea routes.
在通往意大利的中地中海航线上，抵达人数下降 55% 至 21393 人，但死亡人数上升 18% 至 996 人。前往希腊的抵达人数降至 20428 人，而死亡人数激增 47% 至 417 人。在通往西班牙的大西洋和西地中海航线上，抵达人数下降 27% 至 16794 人，却有 879 人死亡或失踪。
On the Central Mediterranean to Italy, arrivals fell 55 per cent to 21,393, but deaths rose 18 per cent to 996. To Greece, arrivals dropped to 20,428 while deaths jumped 47 per cent to 417. On the Atlantic and Western Mediterranean routes to Spain, arrivals fell 27 per cent to 16,794, yet 879 people died or went missing.
我们根据国际移民组织（IOM）数据计算，每条航线上每 1000 名抵达者的死亡人数均有所上升：中地中海航线从 17 人升至 47 人，东地中海航线从 11 人升至 20 人，西班牙航线从 38 人升至 52 人。
Our calculation from IOM data shows deaths per 1,000 arrivals rose on every route: from 17 to 47 in the Central Mediterranean, 11 to 20 in the Eastern, and 38 to 52 on the Spain routes.
总体而言，每 26 名抵达者中就有 1 人死亡或失踪，而一年前这一比例为 49 分之 1。孟加拉湾是最严峻的案例。联合国难民署表示，“它是所有主要难民或移民海上航线中死亡率最高的”。2025 年，超过 6500 名罗兴亚人试图渡海，近 900 人死亡或失踪，大约每 7 人中就有 1 人。
Overall, one person died or went missing for every 26 arrivals, against one in 49 a year earlier. The Bay of Bengal is the starkest case. UNHCR says “it has the highest death rate” of any major refugee or migrant sea route. In 2025, more than 6,500 Rohingya attempted the crossing and nearly 900 were dead or missing, roughly one in seven.
船只从孟加拉国科克斯巴扎尔或缅甸若开邦出发，目的地为马来西亚或印度尼西亚。近年来尝试渡海者中，超过一半为妇女和儿童。
Boats leave from Cox’s Bazar in Bangladesh or Rakhine State in Myanmar, heading for Malaysia or Indonesia. Over half of those attempting the journey in recent years have been women and children.UNHCR said that “this sad and tragic trend continues” even now.
联合国难民署表示，“这一悲惨趋势至今仍在继续”。一艘今年从德克纳夫出发、在安达曼海倾覆的船只载有罗兴亚人和孟加拉国公民，约 250 人失踪。
A boat from Teknaf that capsized in the Andaman Sea this year carried Rohingya and Bangladeshi nationals, and about 250 went missing.- Ends