对乌克兰城市的攻击愈演愈烈，秋季凉爽的气温也预示着又一个严冬即将来临，乌克兰人正努力应对摆在面前的双重挑战：俄罗斯的无人机和导弹袭击，以及刺骨的严寒。
Russia's attacks on Ukraine's cities intensify and autumn's cooler temperatures hint at another tough winter to come, Ukrainians are wrestling with how to meet the twin challenges ahead: Russian drone and missile strikes and the biting cold.
“去年基辅的冬天非常艰难，”两个孩子的母亲玛丽亚·肖斯塔克说。她如今正在收拾行李，准备离开自己那套小公寓。
"It was a very difficult winter last year in Kyiv," says mother of two Mariia Shostak, who is now packing her bags and leaving her small flat.
由于长时间处于零度以下的低温，加上俄罗斯对乌克兰电网的袭击导致频繁停电，去年冬天是迄今为止最艰难的冬季之一。
With prolonged periods of sub-zero temperatures and frequent power cuts brought about by Russia's attack on the country's power grid, last winter was one of the hardest so far.
“有些日子、有些周简直难以忍受。我当时开始想，我绝对不想再经历一个这样的冬天了。”但玛丽亚甚至没有等到冬天真正来临。俄罗斯对首都的最新袭击迫使她不得不做出决定。
"There were some days and weeks that were unbearable. I started thinking I'm not going through another winter like this." Mariia is not even waiting for winter. Russia's latest assaults on the capital have forced her hand.
“8月底和9月初，一切都变了。从那时起，基辅开始遭到全天候的袭击，”她说。
"Everything changed in late August and the beginning of September, when Kyiv started being attacked around the clock," she said.
“以前，无人机和导弹通常会在城市外围被拦截。但现在，袭击发生在市中心，就在我们头顶上。”经过数周不断升级的俄罗斯攻击——到9月底时，袭击目标已包括加油站、发电厂和第聂伯河上的关键桥梁——基辅市长维塔利·克利奇科表示，这座城市正面临“极其严峻的局势”。他说，这些袭击正在“将基辅撕裂”。
"Earlier, the drones and missiles were intercepted somewhere on the outskirts. Now it was happening in the centre, right above our heads." After weeks of escalating Russian attacks, which by the end of September had included petrol stations, power plants and key bridges over the Dnipro river, Kyiv mayor Vitaly Klitschko said the city was facing a "very dramatic situation". The attacks, he said, were "tearing Kyiv apart".
玛丽亚的两个孩子——四岁的阿尔图尔和两岁的基拉——都是在2022年俄罗斯全面入侵之后出生的。
Mariia's children, four-year-old Artur and Kira, who's two, were both born after Russia's full-scale invasion in 2022.
不愿让他们再经历一个痛苦而危险的冬天，她决定带他们出国。他们计划去埃及红海沿岸的胡尔加达过冬。玛丽亚解释说，那里比欧洲便宜，而且也更温暖。“我觉得在乌克兰完全没有任何安全感，”她说。
Unwilling to subject them to another miserable, dangerous winter, she's taking them abroad. They plan to spend the winter in Hurghada, on Egypt's Red Sea coast. It's cheaper than Europe, Mariia explains, and warmer too. "I don't feel safe in Ukraine in any way," she says.
民意调查显示，许多乌克兰人都抱有同样的感受，尽管并非所有人都已做出如此激进的决定。
Polls show that many Ukrainians are feeling the same way, even if not everyone has yet made such a radical decision.
9月，Gradus研究公司的一项调查显示，40%的乌克兰人表示如果生活条件继续恶化，他们正在考虑搬迁；35%的人说他们不会搬到别处，25%的人则尚未决定。
A September survey by the Gradus research company found that 40% of Ukrainians were considering relocating if living conditions continued to deteriorate; 35% said they would not move elsewhere, while 25% were undecided.
Gradus创始人兼CEO埃夫根尼娅·布林尼克（Evgeniya Blyznyuk）对我们说：“人们在考虑一系列压力因素，不仅仅是像去年冬天那样的电力和停电问题。俄罗斯人正在攻击大型物流中心，这意味着民众担心产品供应，担心冬季的食品。”俄罗斯最近对基辅的桥梁、加油站和学校的袭击加剧了人们的危险感和不安。对于有年幼子女的家庭来说，局势尤为紧迫。
"People are thinking about a combination of stress factors," Evgeniya Blyznyuk, Gradus's founder and CEO, told us. "Not just about electricity and blackouts like last winter. Russians are targeting big logistics centres, which means that the population is worrying about products, about food during the winter." Russia's recent attacks on Kyiv's bridges, petrol stations and schools have increased the sense of danger and foreboding. For families with young children, the situation feels especially urgent.
去年冬天，伊琳娜（Iryna）要求我们不要使用她的姓氏，她说她三岁的女儿波琳娜（Polina）很难适应。
Last winter, Iryna, who asked us not to use her surname, says her three-year-old daughter Polina found it hard to cope.
她告诉我们：“有时我们几周没有供暖，公寓里的温度只有零度或五度。所以带着一个经常生病的小孩在这里实在不行。”这家人的近期经历只会让波琳娜的困难更加加剧。伊琳娜说：“今年我们遭受了两次导弹袭击。”
"Sometimes we didn't have heating for weeks and the temperature inside the apartment was zero or five degrees," she tells us. "So being here with a little child that is sick all the time was not OK." The family's recent experiences have only compounded Polina's difficulties. "We had two missile attacks this year," Iryna says.
第一次爆炸发生在六月初，炸碎了位于基辅西北边缘的他们家几扇窗户。一个月后，在部分损毁修复后，第二次爆炸在他们十层公寓楼脚下发生，冲击波把土壤卷进屋内，迫使全家搬入临时住所。
The first explosion, in early June, blew out several windows in the family's home on the north-western edge of Kyiv. A month later, after some of the damage had been repaired, a second blast, close to the foot of their 10-storey apartment block, propelled a wave of earth into the flat, forcing the family to move into temporary accommodation.
波琳娜的健康状况恶化。她极度焦虑，导致失禁、呕吐和不受控制的颤抖。
Polina's health has deteriorated. She suffers from extreme anxiety, which has brought on bouts of incontinence, vomiting and uncontrollable shaking.
伊琳娜说：“现在她有了神经系统问题，这也是我们考虑离开的原因。每次炮击后她都会出现新症状。”她的丈夫在军队服役，伊琳娜尚未决定去向何处。她在一家国际非政府组织的工作可能让她能够在波兰远程工作。
"Now we have this neurological problem with her so that's the reason we're thinking about leaving," Iryna says. "There are new symptoms after each shelling." Iryna, whose husband is in the army, has not yet decided where to go. Her work with an international NGO may allow her to work remotely from Poland.
“我们的总统说，最好离开基辅，因为那里是俄罗斯的首要攻击目标，”她说道。
"Our president says that it is better to leave Kyiv because this is target number one," she says.
对其他基辅居民而言，避难的良策就在离家较近的地方：乌克兰广袤的乡村地带。
For other Kyiv residents, the solution lies closer to home: in the vast open spaces of Ukraine's countryside.
奥莱娜·科诺普利亚告诉我们，她花了数周时间寻找合适的落脚处，最终选定了首都郊外两小时车程处的一个乡村小屋。
Olena Konoplia tells us she spent weeks looking for a suitable location before settling on a cottage in a rural community two hours outside the capital.
“我觉得选一个没有工厂、没有仓库、也没有火车站的小村庄才是更好的选择，”奥莱娜解释道，“毕竟这些地方都可能成为俄罗斯的攻击目标。”我们到访当天，奥莱娜正忙着往新家运送物资，还监督着新门的安装工作。按照乌克兰的传统习俗，一位神父早已来为她的新居祈福。
"I decided the better option will be a little village without any factories, any [warehouses] and any railway stations," Olena explains. "Everything that can be a Russian target." On the day we visited, Olena was busy ferrying supplies to the house and supervising the installation of a new door. In keeping with Ukrainian tradition, a priest has already been around to bless her new home.
这间小屋配有燃气对流式暖气，旁边的谷仓里还堆着大量木柴，万一出现停电情况也能保证奥莱娜的温暖。她还安装了高速网络，这对她在基辅一家慈善基金会的工作来说必不可少。
The cottage has gas-powered convection heaters, but in an adjacent barn a stack of firewood will help to keep Olena warm in the event of power cuts. She has already installed high-speed internet, necessary for her work at a Kyiv-based charitable foundation.
如今基辅上空警报声不断，几乎每天都能听到爆炸声，而乡村的宁静正是奥莱娜最需要的。
At a time when air raid sirens sound constantly in Kyiv and explosions can be heard almost every day, the peace and quiet of the village is what Olena says she needs most.
“在这里住了几个晚上后，我能安然入睡，没有爆炸声，也没有警报声，感觉状态好多了，”她说，“我能正常工作、写文章，心情也愉快。”不久后，奥莱娜年迈的母亲也会搬来和她同住。
"After several nights here, when I can sleep, just sleep, without any explosions, without any sirens, I feel better," she says. "I can work, write my articles, I feel good." Olena's elderly mother will soon be joining her.
“她住在基辅一个相当危险的街区，那种环境对她的健康有害，”她解释道。
"She lives in a pretty dangerous district in Kyiv and it's harmful for her health," she explains.
当然，并非所有人都能负担得起乡间小屋的费用，也没法花数月时间出国避难。
Of course, not everyone can afford a cottage in the countryside or a months-long trip abroad.
大多数基辅居民还是会像以往一样，竭尽所能熬过首都又一个严冬。
Most Kyiv residents will do what they can to survive another tough winter in the capital, just as they have before.
当局也在积极采取应对措施。一些最脆弱的群体——老年人以及带着幼童的女性——将被安排入住位于城市林区周边的改建疗养院和康复中心。
The authorities are taking steps to prepare. Some of Kyiv's most vulnerable citizens – the elderly and women with young children – are being offered places in converted sanatoriums and rehabilitation centres in the city's forested outskirts.
与此同时，过去18个月里，在基辅周边建成了一个由约15座小型发电厂组成的网络，旨在支撑基辅遭受重创的电网。
Meanwhile, a network of around 15 small-scale power plants has been constructed around the city over the past 18 months in an effort to shore up Kyiv's battered power grid.
这些发电厂建在加固的掩体内，并由巨大的钢笼保护以防无人机袭击，每座发电厂都能为城市的数百栋高层公寓楼提供电力和热力。
The plants, constructed in fortified bunkers and protected from drone attack by huge steel cages, are each capable of providing electricity and heat to several hundred of the city's high-rise apartment blocks.
但随着能源公司已开始谈论计划停电，超市出现部分商品周期性短缺，离开的压力正在增加。
But with energy companies already talking about scheduled power cuts and supermarkets experiencing periodic shortages of some goods, the pressures to leave are growing.
叶夫根尼娅·布利兹纽克表示，她不指望会看到大规模人口外逃，并称大多数人尚未下定决心，不愿冒着失去工作或让孩子辍学的风险。"他们会推迟这一决定，直到条件变得真正不适合居住，"她说。
Evgeniya Blyznyuk says she does not expect to see a mass exodus from the capital and says most people have yet to make up their minds, reluctant to jeopardise their jobs or take children out of school. "They will postpone it until conditions become really unliveable," she says.