新加坡：需要更强的监管和更大的国际合作来管理日益增长的人工智能风险——渣打集团首席执行官比尔·温特斯于周五（10月9日）表示。
SINGAPORE: Stronger regulation and greater international cooperation are needed to manage the growing risks of artificial intelligence Standard Chartered Group CEO Bill Winters said on Friday (Oct 9).
温特斯在新加坡四季酒店举行的米尔肯研究所亚洲峰会期间接受CNA采访时，谈到了人工智能为企业带来的机遇，同时也表达了对网络安全以及其对就业影响的担忧。
Speaking to CNA on the sidelines of the Milken Institute Asia Summit at the Four Seasons Hotel Singapore, Mr Winters discussed the opportunities AI presents for businesses, alongside concerns over cybersecurity and its impact on jobs.
在这场内容广泛的访谈中，他还分享了对中国经济的展望以及对持续的中东冲突如何影响海湾国家的看法。
In the wide-ranging interview, he also shared his outlook for China's economy and his views on how the prolonged Middle East conflict is affecting Gulf nations.
为期三天的峰会于10月7日至9日举行，汇聚了商业和政府领袖，讨论经济和地缘政治挑战，人工智能是本届会议的重点议题。人工智能的风险与机遇当被问及政府是否应介入以应对人工智能带来的风险时，温特斯呼吁对该行业进行更严格的监管。
The three-day summit, held from Oct 7 to 9, brought together business and government leaders to discuss economic and geopolitical challenges, with AI a key focus of this year's event. AI RISKS AND OPPORTUNITIES Asked whether governments should intervene to address the risks posed by AI, Mr Winters called for greater regulation of the industry.
“我能想到的需要监管的行业寥寥无几，人工智能是其中之一，”他说。
"I can think of very few industries that have needed regulation more than this one," he said.
“我的意思是，研发一种新阿司匹林配方要经过三年的各种监管审批，但我们对人工智能却没有设立任何防护措施。”温特斯承认，科技公司意在负责任地开发人工智能，但他也强调了美中之间的地缘政治竞争，两国都担心对方在技术领域取得主导地位。
"I mean, it takes three years to get a new aspirin formulation through various regulators, but we have not put any guardrails on AI." Mr Winters acknowledged that technology companies intend to develop AI responsibly, but also highlighted geopolitical competition between the United States and China, with both countries concerned about the other gaining dominance in the technology.
“在我看来，全球参与者之间的合作背景从未如此强大——或许仅次于核武器，”他说。
"To me, there's never been a stronger – maybe second only to nuclear weapons – backdrop for cooperation between global players," he said.
温特斯表示，渣打已经在使用人工智能开发新的客户体验并提升运营效率。但他也警告说，网络犯罪分子可能利用该技术突破企业安全系统。
Mr Winters said Standard Chartered is already using AI to develop new customer experiences and improve efficiency across its operations. But he also warned that cybercriminals could use the technology to breach corporate security systems.
“拥有一套真正优秀、强大的基于人工智能的防御能力，也是最好的防御，”他说。
"It's also the best defence to have a really good, strong set of AI-based defensive capabilities," he said.
“因此，我们正处于一场‘军备竞赛’之中；不过我认为我们目前还保持着自己的优势。”尽管如此，温特斯先生仍警告说，这些风险不太可能消失。
"So we're in an arms race. And I think we're holding our own." Still, Mr Winters cautioned that the risks are unlikely to disappear.
“我认为，一两年后当我们回顾这段时期时，不会感叹‘幸好没有发生什么坏事’。事实上，一些负面事件还是会发生。”他说。
"I don't think we will reflect a year, two, three years from now on this whole period and say, wow, it's amazing that nothing bad happened. Some bad things will happen,” he said.
关于人工智能对就业的影响：当被问及人工智能对就业的影响时，温特斯先生表示，自动化会改变标准渣打银行的工作性质，但并不一定会导致员工总数的减少。虽然该银行已经将大约25%的岗位实现了自动化，但其员工总数实际上仍在增加。据温特斯先生介绍，那些因自动化而被取代的员工中，约有85%已经接受了再培训，被安排到了其他岗位。他补充说，随着人工智能的广泛应用，银行会继续投资于员工的再培训，因为人工智能驱动的工作环境对员工技能的要求将会发生显著变化。
AI AND JOBS Asked about AI's impact on employment, Mr Winters said automation would change the nature of jobs at Standard Chartered, but would not necessarily lead to a smaller workforce. While the bank has already automated almost 25 per cent of the roles it previously had, its overall headcount has increased, he said. About 85 per cent of employees whose roles were displaced by automation have been reskilled for other positions, according to Mr Winters. He added the bank would continue to invest in reskilling employees as AI became more widely used, with the skills required in an AI-driven workplace likely to be significantly different.
“作为一家银行、一家企业，我们的职责就是为员工提供获取这些技能的机会，而我们也在积极这么做。”他说。
"Our job as a bank, as a corporation, is to offer our employees that opportunity to acquire those skills, and we are (doing so)," he said.
关于未来十年或二十年哪些银行业岗位仍会保持重要性：当被问及哪些银行业岗位在未来十年或二十年里仍会保持重要性时，温特斯先生指出，那些需要人类判断力或人际互动的岗位依然会非常重要。例如，在财富管理领域，虽然数字工具已经可以提供投资建议，但对人类关系管理者的需求依然强劲。“人们仍然更信任人类；即使我们认为机器可能拥有更准确的信息或更强的智能，但我们还需要很长时间才能完全依赖机器来处理这些事务。”
Asked which banking jobs would remain relevant over the next decade or two, Mr Winters said roles requiring human judgment or interaction would continue to be important. In wealth management, for instance, digital tools can already provide investment guidance, but demand for human relationship managers remains strong, he said. "People still trust people, and it's going to be a long time before we trust the machine over the person, even if we think the machine may have better information or may be smarter."
关于中国的经济结构：这次采访还涉及到了中国的问题。他表示，尽管新兴产业正在快速发展，但长期的房地产低迷依然抑制了国内需求。当被问及哪些经济领域更具发展潜力、哪些领域的企业仍保持谨慎态度时，温特斯先生指出了不同行业之间的鲜明差异。
关键观点：
CHINA'S TWO-TIER ECONOMY The interview also touched on China, where a prolonged property downturn has weighed on domestic demand even as emerging industries have expanded. Asked which parts of the economy were attracting greater optimism and where businesses remained cautious, Mr Winters described contrasting fortunes across different sectors.
-
他强调了绿色技术、电动汽车、电池以及先进电子产业（包括半导体制造）的快速发展。这些产业正在推动中国工业结构的转型，尤其是机器人技术的发展。
-
温特斯指出，房地产行业尚未复苏；其他制造业也面临着成本上升和关税增加的压力。
He highlighted rapid development in green technology, electric vehicles, batteries and advanced electronics, including semiconductor manufacturing. These industries are helping transform China's industrial base, particularly through robotics Mr Winters said the property sector has not recovered, while other manufacturing industries are also under pressure from rising costs and tariffs.
- 由于土地销售收入（地方政府的重要收入来源）下降，中国的公共财政状况面临压力。
He also noted that China's public finances were under strain as revenue from land sales, an important source of income for local governments, had declined.
- 尽管如此，温特斯对中国经济前景仍持乐观态度，认为中国仍具备支持经济增长的财政和货币政策工具。
Nevertheless, Mr Winters remained confident about China's economic outlook, saying the country still has fiscal and monetary policy tools available to support growth.
全球经济与海湾地区的韧性：当被问及利率上升是否预示着全球经济出现问题时，温特斯表示，尽管借贷成本上升且通货膨胀持续，经济增长依然具有韧性。
GLOBAL ECONOMY AND GULF RESILIENCE Asked whether rising interest rates signalled trouble for the global economy, Mr Winters said economic growth remained resilient despite higher borrowing costs and persistent inflation.
他提到能源和食品价格上涨，以及供应链中断（尤其是中东冲突导致的海湾地区能源供应中断）是导致通货膨胀持续的原因。
He identified rising energy and food prices, along with supply-chain disruptions, including those affecting energy supplies from the Gulf amid the Middle East conflict, as factors keeping inflation elevated.
温特斯认为，包括沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯联合酋长国、卡塔尔和阿曼在内的海湾经济体尽管面临冲突，但仍运行良好。
Still, Mr Winters said Gulf economies, including Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman, continue to function relatively well despite the conflict.
不过他也承认，这场冲突造成了严重破坏——特别是在卡塔尔，伊朗的袭击导致该国部分天然气产业暂时停产；同时，沙特阿拉伯与也门胡塞武装之间的冲突也带来了额外的干扰。尽管如此，温特斯表示海湾地区的经济活动仍在继续。“该地区的韧性令人印象深刻，”他说。
However, he acknowledged that the conflict had caused significant damage, particularly in Qatar, where important parts of the gas industry had been temporarily taken out of operation after Iranian strikes He also cited Saudi Arabia's escalating conflict with the Houthis in Yemen as another source of disruption. While acknowledging the conflict's impact, Mr Winters said businesses across the Gulf were carrying on. "It's impressive how resilient the region has been," he said.