特朗普总统的关税政策正让工厂工人因担心进口税会导致岗位减少而非制造业复兴，转而反对他的共和党。
President Donald Trump's tariffs are turning factory workers against his Republican Party over fears the import taxes could lead to fewer jobs instead of the manufacturing renaissance he promised.
伯纳德·康登 纽约 — 尼尔森·范德米尔几十年来一直投票支持共和党，但因担心特朗普总统对进口商品征收关税的计划会伤害工人而非帮助工人，他犹豫是否支持特朗普。
BERNARD CONDON NEW YORK — Nelson Vandermeer voted Republican for decades but balked at supporting President Donald Trump fearing that the Republican’s plan for tariffs on imports would hurt workers more than help.
去年，范德米尔的预感应验了——以一种非常个人化的方式。这位62岁的男子曾在霍华德米勒公司担任产品设计师，该公司依赖海外生产的零部件。经过一个世纪的运营，位于密歇根州泽兰的公司关闭了工厂，出售了库存和品牌名称，并裁掉了近200名员工。
Last year, Vandermeer’s premonition came true in a very personal way. The 62-year-old lost his job as a product designer at Howard Miller a clockmaker that relied on parts produced overseas. After a century in business, the company in Zeeland, Michigan, closed its factory, sold off its inventory and brand name and laid off nearly 200 workers.
“所谓的把工作岗位带回来？”范德米尔说。他计划在下个月的中期选举中投民主党一票。
“So much for bringing jobs back,” Vandermeer said. Next month, he plans to vote straight Democrat in the midterms.
就在伊朗战争不受欢迎、通胀持续高企本已让共和党陷入困境之际，他们又面临着对特朗普将关税作为其经济议程核心的反弹。特朗普曾承诺，对进口商品征收更高税收将在美国掀起制造业复兴，但这一承诺尚未兑现。尽管今年迄今为止美国已增加了一些制造业岗位，但该行业的就业人数仍少于特朗普2025年1月重返白宫时的水平。
As if an unpopular war with Iran persistent inflation were not enough trouble for Republicans they are confronting a backlash over the tariffs that Trump made a cornerstone of his economic agenda. He promised that charging higher taxes on imports would spur a factory renaissance in the United States, but that has not come to pass. Although the country has added manufacturing jobs so far this year, the sector has fewer employees than when Trump returned to the White House in January 2025.
白宫发言人泰勒·罗杰斯坚称制造业繁荣正在进行中，她引用了制造业产出的增长以及某些非住宅建筑行业的工作增加作为证据。“如今的工厂建设岗位意味着未来那些工厂投产后将带来更多制造业岗位，”她说。
White House spokeswoman Taylor Rogers insisted that a factory boom is underway, citing increases in manufacturing output and more work in certain nonresidential construction trades. “Factory construction jobs of today mean more manufacturing jobs down the road once those factories come online,” she said.
即使在关税实施之前，霍华德米勒公司就已经在美国人对诸如其标志性祖父钟和壁炉钟等高档计时器兴趣下降的情况下挣扎。因此，该公司多年前就开始拓展产品线，增加了酒车、橱柜和控制台等产品。
Even before the tariffs, Howard Miller struggled as Americans lost their taste for fancy timepieces such as its signature grandfather and mantel clocks. So the company broadened its offerings years ago to include bar carts, cabinets and consoles.
但这些产品也依赖于来自国外的玻璃和其他零部件，而多元化并不能保证生存。
But those products also depended on glass and other parts from abroad, and diversification did not ensure survival.
“我本可以继续工作，但现在我失业了，原因是关税，”范德米尔说。“就像有人在背后捅了一刀。”关键州的失业人数不断攀升。范德米尔居住在密歇根州第4国会选区，该选区由共和党人比尔·胡伊赞加代表，他正在竞选第九届连任，大选日期为11月3日。
“I could still have a job, but now I don’t because of tariffs,” Vandermeer said. “It was like taking a knife to the back.”Job losses pile up in battleground states Vandermeer lives in Michigan’s 4th Congressional District, which is represented by Republican Bill Huizenga, who is running for a ninth term in the Nov. 3 election.
特朗普去年实施其最广泛的一套关税政策之前，他称之为“解放日”，胡伊赞加当时持支持态度。
Before Trump implemented his broadest set of tariffs last year, on what the president called“Liberation Day,” Huizenga was supportive.
“这会很容易吗？不一定。这是正确的做法吗？绝对是的，”他当时对记者说。
“Is it going to be easy? Not necessarily. Is it the right thing to do? Absolutely it is,” he told reporters at the time.
胡伊赞加的发言人上周表示，这位国会议员“认为关税在推动国内制造业方面可能发挥一定作用”，同时“认识到需要应对其更广泛的经济影响”。他的民主党对手、州参议员肖恩·麦坎批评现任议员反对旨在限制特朗普单方面实施的关税的立法。
A spokesperson for Huizenga said last week that the congressman “sees a potential role for tariffs” for boosting domestic manufacturing “while recognizing the need to address their broader economic effects.”His Democratic opponent, state Sen. Sean McCann, has criticized the incumbent for opposing legislation that would rein in tariffs that Trump imposed unilaterally.
在堪萨斯州、爱荷华州和俄亥俄州的竞争激烈的选区中也存在类似问题，共和党的妥协可能在选举日伤害该党，因为他们的选民正面临工厂裁员、农场被没收和价格上涨。
There are similar issues in competitive races in Kansas, Iowa and Ohio, where Republican acquiescence could hurt the party on Election Day as their constituents face factory layoffs, farm foreclosures and higher prices.
特雷西·乔（Tracy Chew），55岁，2016年投票支持特朗普，2020年转投民主党乔·拜登，2024年支持卡玛拉·哈里斯。
Tracy Chew, 55, voted for Trump in 2016, then for Democrat Joe Biden in 2020 and Democrat Kamala Harris in 2024.
她曾在Case公司工作，该公司是一家反铲挖掘机制造商，但在关税实施前，该公司宣布将关闭其位于爱荷华州伯灵顿的工厂。她在4月失去工作，随后她的女儿也失业了，接着在接下来的几周里，她的丈夫和女婿也相继失业。乔倾向于今年再次投票支持民主党，她觉得特朗普让他们失望了。
She used to work for Case, a backhoe manufacturer, but the company announced before the tariffs that it would close its plant in Burlington, Iowa. She lost her job in April, as did her daughter, followed by husband and son-in-law over the next few weeks. Chew is leaning toward voting for Democrats again this year, feeling that Trump let them down.
“他没有做够，我非常愤怒，”她说。“关税没有瞄准正确的公司，也没有达到正确的力度。”爱荷华州的裁员问题也在其他地区蔓延。
“I’m furious he isn’t doing enough,” she said. “Tariffs are not targeting the right companies, the right amount.”Layoffs in Iowa have piled up elsewhere.
Winnebago Industries，这家生产露营车等休闲车辆的公司，去年因进口铝、钢和电子产品的成本增加了数千万美元，裁减了200个岗位。
Winnebago Industries, which produces recreational vehicles like campers, cut 200 jobs last year after the cost of importing aluminum, steel and electronics increased by tens of millions of dollars.
“这是一场日复一日的战斗，”该公司首席执行官迈克尔·哈佩说。
“It’s a day to day battle,” said Michael Happe, the company’s chief executive.
在爱荷华州空缺的美国参议院席位争夺战中，共和党众议员阿什利·希森正面临民主党州众议员乔什·图雷克的挑战。堪萨斯州也有一场激烈的竞争，民主党人亚当·汉密尔顿——美国最大联合卫理公会教会的牧师——正试图击败共和党现任参议员罗杰·马歇尔。
In the tight race for an open U.S. Senate seat in Iowa, U.S. Rep. Ashley Hinson faces Democratic state Rep. Josh Turek. There is a close contest, too, in Kansas, where Democrat Adam Hamilton the pastor of the largest United Methodist Church in the U.S., is trying to unseat Republican Roger Marshall.
威奇托（堪萨斯州）家电制造商沃纳多空气公司首席执行官科尔·霍普克表示，特朗普的关税“几乎影响了所有方面”。这家以复古家用风扇闻名的公司在2月份裁减了超过70名工厂工人，原因是进口零部件价格上涨。
Cole Hoppock, chief executive of appliance maker Vornado Air in Wichita, Kansas, said Trump’s tariffs “impacted virtually everything.”The company known for its retro household fans laid off more than 70 factory workers in February, blaming higher prices for imported parts.
特朗普的贸易政策可能很快迫使另一家堪萨斯州雇主——加拿大喷气式飞机制造商庞巴迪——进行裁减。特朗普曾威胁，如果庞巴迪不对其飞机在美国进行全面生产，就禁止其在美国的销售。庞巴迪表示，其在47个州的2800家公司中采购零部件，包括堪萨斯州，该州有超过1000名员工。特朗普的贸易做法不得人心，他多年来一直抱怨其他国家在贸易上“占美国便宜”。
Trump’s trade policy could force cutbacks soon at another Kansas employer, Canadian jet manufacturer Bombardier. Trump has threatened to ban the company’s sales in the U.S. if Bombardier does not start making all its planes in the U.S. Bombardier said it buys parts from 2,800 companies in 47 states, including in Kansas, where it employs more than 1,000 people Trump’s approach to trade is unpopular Trump has spent years complaining that other countries are ripping off the U.S. when it comes to trade.
大多数经济学家认为他错了，认为他的做法——广泛的普遍关税——会带来更多伤害而非帮助。
Most economists say he is wrong and that his remedy — broad universal tariffs — would cause more pain than help.
据美联社-NORC公共事务研究中心的调查，如今大多数美国人不同意特朗普的贸易方式。一项9月份的民调显示，只有大约30%的美国成年人赞同特朗普在贸易谈判中的表现，而3月份这一比例为40%。特朗普的一些关税措施显得杂乱无章。
Now most Americans disagree with Trump’s approach, according to The Associated Press-NORC Center for Public Affairs Research. A September poll showed only about 3 in 10 U.S. adults approve of Trump’s handling of trade negotiations, compared with 4 in 10 in March. Some of Trump’s tariffs have been haphazard.
他因政治分歧而将矛头指向巴西，并将对中国的关税提升到如此极端的程度，以至于可能引发衰退，并迫使总统后撤。去年二月，最高法院裁定反对特朗普宣布紧急状态以推出其“解放日”关税的决定，使得对外贸易仍处于不稳定状态，因为政府继续通过新的关税和威胁进行调整。
He targeted Brazil because of political differences and he jacked up tariffs on China to levels so extreme that they risked a recession and forced the president to retreat. The Supreme Court in February ruled against Trump’s declaration of an emergency to roll out his “Liberation Day” tariffs last year, leaving foreign trade unsettled as the administration continues to adjust with new levies and threats.
关税并不是制造业岗位流失的唯一原因，工厂在有无关税的情况下，已持续数十年削减劳动力。即使是一些不认同特朗普做法的共和党人也不会因此脱离该党。
Tariffs are far from the only reason for the lost of manufacturing jobs, and factories have cut workers for decades with or without them. Even some Republicans who dislike Trump’s approach will not split with the party.
去年关闭南卡罗来纳州工厂的美国自行车公司（Bicycle Corp. of America）将责任归咎于进口零件价格上涨。曾在质量控制部门工作后退休的科比·伯德（Koby Bird）表示他支持关税，但对特朗普似乎凭心血来潮随意调整关税的做法感到沮丧。
Bicycle Corp. of America, which closed its factory in South Carolina last year, blamed rising prices for imported parts. Koby Bird, who retired after working in quality control, likes tariffs but was frustrated by Trump’s habit of raising and lowering them seemingly at whim.
“一切都乱七八糟，”伯德说。“企业无法制定计划。”下个月，伯德很可能继续支持共和党人，包括美国参议员达琳·格雷厄姆（Darline Graham），因为他认为关税只是众多议题之一，而民主党会在错误的事情上花费太多钱。
“It was all over the place,” Bird said. “Businesses couldn’t plan.”Next month, Bird is likely to stick with Republicans, including U.S. Sen. Darline Graham, because tariffs are only one issue and he believes Democrats would spend too much money on the wrong things.
内布拉斯加州克雷顿大学经济学家厄尼·戈斯（Ernie Goss）表示，制造业困境未必会转化为民主党的胜利。他说，有些人可能认为“从长远来看，关税会起作用”。一些工人可能正在转而反对特朗普。宾夕法尼亚州工会领袖温德尔·杨（Wendell Young）表示，他感受到工人中正在酝酿一场反弹。
Ernie Goss, an economist at Creighton University in Nebraska, said manufacturing woes may not convert to Democratic victories. He said some people may “think the tariffs in the long run will work.”Some workers may be turning on Trump Wendell Young, a union leader in Pennsylvania, where several factories have had layoffs, said he senses a backlash among workers.
去年夏天，杨表示，他收到了大量愤怒的回复，这些回复是对他一封邮件的反应，邮件中他指责关税导致波斯特控股公司（Post Holdings）决定在当地一家宠物食品工厂裁减160个岗位。
Last summer, Young said he got a firestorm of angry responses to his email blaming tariffs for a decision by Post Holdings to cut 160 jobs at a local pet food factory.
“把政治排除在外，”宾夕法尼亚州布卢姆斯堡工厂的一名工人写道。“特朗普总统不是原因。”
“Keep politics out of this,” wrote one of workers at the plant in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania. “President Trump isn’t the reason.”
“以前有人因为我不支持特朗普而打我。一年多来我没听到这种情况了，”联合食品和商业工人国际工会1776地方分会主席杨（Young）说。“这些人中有些是红色的共和党人，他们感到震惊。他们原本期待更多的工作岗位。”Post Holdings最终同意通过提供遣散费来减少人员数量，但产量下降产生了连锁反应。
“People used to beat me up for not supporting Trump. I haven’t heard that in a year,” said Young, president of Local 1776 of the United Food and Commercial Workers International Union. “Some of these people are red Republicans and they are shocked. They expected more jobs.”Post Holdings ultimately agreed to reduce the head count by offering severance for people to leave, but lower production had a ripple effect.
根据杨工会的说法，当地罐头制造商Trivium Packaging决定裁减若干岗位，因为他们从Post及其他公司收到的订单减少了。
Local can manufacturer Trivium Packaging decided to cut several jobs because they were getting less orders from Post and other companies, according to Young’s union.
“我理解关税背后的思路，但我不知道它是否真的有效，”前Trivium员工Heather Kingston说。她在裁员前就离开了去另一家公司工作，而她的丈夫仍在Trivium工作。“该地区似乎没有多少制造业岗位流入，”她说。
“I understand the mindset behind tariffs, but I just don’t know if it’s working,” said former Trivium worker Heather Kingston. She left for another company before the layoffs, and her husband is still working at Trivium. “There doesn’t seem to be many manufacturing jobs moving into the area,” she said.
Kingston表示，她在上次选举中投给了第9选区的共和党人Dan Meuser，但今年她开始产生疑虑。Meuser的席位被认为是稳固的，但该州其他选举正在激烈角逐，包括靠近Post和Trivium工厂的第7和第8选区。
Kingston said she voted for Republican Dan Meuser in the 9th District last time but is having doubts this year. Meuser’s seat is considered safe, but other races in the state are up for grabs, including in the 7th and 8th districts, which are near the Post and Trivium factories.