罗斯班克（Rosebank）和杰克道（Jackdaw）油气田的情况如何？英国政府向决定是否批准进一步钻探迈出了一步。
What is happening with the Rosebank and Jackdaw oil and gas fields? The UK government has moved a step closer to making a decision on whether to approve further drilling.
安格斯·科克伦（Angus Cochrane）报道 北海的杰克道气田在经历了多年的辩论和法律纠纷后，已获准开始生产，但对于设得兰群岛（Shetland）附近的罗斯班克油田，尚未做出决定。
By Angus Cochrane The Jackdaw gas field in the North Sea has been allowed to start production after years of debates and legal wrangling - but a decision is yet to be taken on the Rosebank oil field off Shetland.
行业机构辩称，在海外冲突威胁供应之际，这些油田可以提供就业机会并改善英国的能源安全。
Industry bodies argue that the sites could provide jobs and improve the UK's energy security as overseas conflicts threaten supply.
环保人士坚持认为，更多的钻探是不可接受的，在致命热浪和极端天气影响全球数十亿人之际，这会阻碍减少全球变暖碳排放的努力。
Environmentalists insist that more drilling would be unconscionable, hampering efforts to cut planet-warming carbon emissions as deadly heatwaves and extreme weather affect billions across the globe.
他们还表示，开始生产并不能保护能源安全，更快地转型至更环保的技术将更有利于支持就业。什么是杰克道和罗斯班克？
They also say starting production would not protect energy security and that transitioning sooner to greener technologies would be better for supporting jobs. What are Jackdaw and Rosebank?
杰克道是一个天然气田，位于阿伯丁（Aberdeen）以东约150英里（241公里）处。
Jackdaw is a gas field located about 150 miles (241km) east of Aberdeen.
英国政府现已批准开始生产，并表示该气田将能够从本月底开始供应天然气。
The UK government, which has now given permission for production to begin, says it will be able to start to supplying gas from the end of this month.
罗斯班克位于设得兰群岛西北约80英里（128公里）处，是英国最大的未开发油田，也将产出部分天然气。
Rosebank, about 80 miles (128km) north-west of Shetland, is Britain's largest untapped oil field, which would also produce some gas.
其投入运营所需的时间将比杰克道长，但如果获批，计划于2027年投入运行。
It would take longer than Jackdaw to become operational, but is scheduled to be up and running by 2027 if approved.
这些油田的许可证是由当时的英国保守党政府于2022年和2023年发放的——此举引发了环保组织的法律挑战。
Licences for the fields were granted by the then Conservative UK government in 2022 and 2023 - sparking legal challenges from environmental groups.
爱丁堡的最高民事法院（Court of Session）去年裁定，罗斯班克和杰克道的批准是非法的，因为政府未能将燃烧这些油田开采出的石油和天然气所产生的气候影响考虑在内。
The Court of Session in Edinburgh ruled last year that Rosebank and Jackdaw had been unlawfully approved because the government had failed to take into account the climate impact of burning extracted oil and gas from the sites.
一名法官裁定，必须公布更详细的气候评估。这些更新后的评估已提交进行公众咨询。
A judge ruled that more detailed climate assessments had to be published. These updated estimates were put out for consultation.
英国政府随后必须在行业监管机构的参与下，决定是否重新批准这些油田。
The UK government then had to decide whether to re-approve the fields, with input from industry regulators.
英国首相安迪·伯恩罕此前曾表示，他将恪守工党不颁发新的石油和天然气许可证的承诺，同时履行现有的许可证。
Prime Minister Andy Burnham had previously said he would stick to Labour's promise not to issue new oil and gas licences while honouring existing ones.
罗斯班克（Rosebank）和杰克道（Jackdaw）会削减能源账单吗？
Would Rosebank and Jackdaw cut energy bills?
如果获得批准，预计罗斯班克在其25年的生命周期内将开采高达5亿桶石油。
If approved, Rosebank is expected to fill up to 500 million barrels of oil over its 25-year lifetime.
但这种供应的增加并不一定能保证英国民众的能源账单变得便宜。价格是由国际市场决定的，而国际市场容易受到乌克兰和伊朗冲突等冲击的影响。
But that increased supply does not necessarily guarantee cheaper energy bills for people in the UK. Prices are determined by international markets which are vulnerable to shocks such as the conflicts in Ukraine and Iran.
从罗斯班克开采的大部分石油将被送往荷兰，因为英国仅存的炼油厂不具备加工北海开采的较重类型原油的能力。
Most of the oil produced from Rosebank would be sent to the Netherlands because the UK's remaining refineries are not equipped to process the heavier type of crude oil extracted from the North Sea.
如果任何精炼产品——例如柴油或航空燃油——要在英国使用，则需要被重新进口。
If any of the refined products - such as diesel or jet fuel - were to be used in the UK, they would then to be reimported.
当杰克道的计划于2022年公布时，开发商表示，它将生产足够140万户家庭使用的天然气。
When plans for Jackdaw were unveiled in 2022, developers said it would produce enough gas to power 1.4 million homes.
将杰克道连接到英国能源系统将是一个相对简单的过程，这意味着天然气可以被快速输送到英国本土。
It would be a relatively simple process to connect Jackdaw to the UK energy system, meaning gas could be quickly pumped to the mainland.
英国政府在宣布该项目将继续推进时表示，预计该项目在峰值时将使国内天然气产量增加约6%。
Announcing that the project would go ahead, the UK government said it was expected to increase domestic gas production by around 6% at its peak.
英国政府表示，在其11年的生命周期内，杰克道将保护数百个工作岗位，并为英国经济增添约29亿英镑的产值。支持者表示，开发这些油田将改善英国的能源安全。
It said that over its 11-year lifespan, Jackdaw would protect hundreds of jobs and add an estimated £2.9bn to the UK economy. Backers say opening the fields would improve the UK's energy security.
然而，国际能源署（International Energy Agency）的杰出能源经济学家法提赫·比罗尔（Fatih Birol）今年早些时候对《卫报》表示，在北海进行新的钻探“对英国的能源安全改变不大”，也不会降低能源账单。
Yet Fatih Birol, a leading energy economist at the International Energy Agency, told The Guardian earlier this year that new drilling in the North Sea "would not change much for the UK's energy security" or bring down energy bills.
他表示，英国仍将依赖石油和天然气进口，且价格由国际市场设定。罗斯班克和杰克道将产生多少二氧化碳？
He said that the UK would still be reliant on oil and gas imports, with prices set internationally. How much CO2 will Rosebank and Jackdaw produce?
杰克多（Jackdaw）和罗斯班克（Rosebank）两个油气田均由阿杜拉（Adura）运营，该公司是挪威企业埃奎诺尔（Equinor）与壳牌（Shell）的合资企业。总部位于阿伯丁的伊萨卡能源（Ithaca Energy）也持有罗斯班克20%的股份。
Both Jackdaw and Rosebank are operated by Adura, a joint venture between Norwegian company Equinor and Shell. Aberdeen-based firm Ithaca also owns 20% of Rosebank.
据估算，杰克多油气田在其全生命周期内可能产生3580万吨碳排放，相当于苏格兰2023年排放总量的90%。阿杜拉表示，更可能的估算值约为2360万吨——相当于2023年苏格兰排放总量的60%。
It has estimated that Jackdaw could produce 35.8 million tonnes of carbon over its lifetime, the equivalent of 90% of Scotland's emissions for 2023. Adura said a more likely estimate was about 23.6 million tonnes - equivalent to 60% of the 2023 figure.
然而，这些数字与罗斯班克的预测排放量相比显得微不足道——后者预计将产生近2.5亿吨导致全球变暖的排放。
Those figures are dwarfed by the projections for Rosebank - almost 250 million tonnes of planet-warming emissions.
尽管如此，应苏格兰最高民事法院（Court of Session）要求更新的环境影响评估报告称，杰克多的排放“不会实质性影响”全球变暖。
Yet Adura's updated environmental impact assessment, ordered by the Court of Session, says that emissions from Jackdaw would "not materially influence" global warming.
该公司称，用杰克多油气田的天然气取代从美国进口的液化天然气，可节省相当于400万吨二氧化碳的排放。
The firm says that displacing imported liquified nature gas from the United States with gas from the Jackdaw field would save the equivalent of four million tonnes of CO2.
环保组织指出，这不会降低全球排放总量，因为美国的天然气仍会被出售并在其他地方燃烧。
Campaign groups say that would not lower worldwide emissions as the US gas would still be sold and burned elsewhere.
阿杜拉还表示，气候影响将是“轻微的”，因为英国拥有“监管完善的行业”，且与《巴黎协定》保持一致——该具有法律约束力的协议承诺将全球升温控制在1.5至2摄氏度之间。
Adura also said the climate effects would be "minor" because the UK has a "well-regulated industry" aligned with the Paris Agreement, a legally binding commitment to limit global warming to between 1.5 and 2C.
然而，绿色和平英国分部首席科学家道格·帕尔（Doug Parr）表示，开发新油气田“完全不符合”《巴黎协定》。罗斯班克和杰克多能提供多少就业岗位？
However, Greenpeace UK chief scientist Doug Parr said opening a new field was "wholly incompatible" with the Paris Agreement. How many jobs would Rosebank and Jackdaw support?
行业组织英国海上能源协会（Offshore Energies UK，简称OEUK）表示，罗斯班克和杰克多在建设高峰期将支持超过3500个就业岗位。
Industry body Offshore Energies UK (OEUK) has said Rosebank and Jackdaw would support a peak of more than 3,500 jobs during the construction phase.
该协会称，两个油气田在其全生命周期内将支持880个就业岗位，平均薪资为85850英镑。
It says the fields would support 880 jobs throughout during their lifespans, with an average salary of £85,850.
OEUK还表示，到2029年，这两个项目将提供14亿英镑的税收收入，到2034年将增至38亿英镑。
OEUK also says they would provide £1.4bn in tax revenues by 2029, rising to £3.8bn by 2034.
对于长期以来严重依赖该行业作为经济命脉、如今正面临产业衰退的苏格兰东北部而言，这些数字极具吸引力。
Such figures are particularly attractive in the north-east of Scotland, which is contending with the decline of an industry which has long been its economic lifeblood.
根据英国议会的研究，到2024年，英国控制的北海部分约有五分之四的石油和天然气已被开采。
According to research for the UK Parliament, about four fifths of the oil and gas from British-controlled parts of the North Sea had been extracted by 2024.
环保组织Uplift表示，试图通过开发Rosebank和Jackdaw油气田来支撑衰退的行业，只会延缓向更环保能源生产的转型，而该组织认为这种转型对于保护环境和支持就业是必要的。
Campaign group Uplift says that trying to prop up the declining industry with the Rosebank and Jackdaw fields would only delay the transition to greener energy production, which it argues is needed to protect the environment and support jobs.
该组织表示：“保护目前依赖石油和天然气行业的工人、供应链企业和社区免受这一衰退影响的唯一途径，是投资可再生能源和其他拥有长远未来的产业。”
"The only way to protect workers, supply chain firms, and communities that are currently dependent on the oil and gas industry from this decline is to invest in renewables and other industries that have a long-term future," it says.
Uplift补充称，开发Rosebank和Jackdaw将为能源公司带来巨额利润，却几乎无法惠及纳税人。
Opening Rosebank and Jackdaw would deliver big profits for energy firms, and little benefit to taxpayers, Uplift adds.
绿色和平英国分部政治事务负责人Ami McCarthy表示：“当世界正因气候影响而摇摇欲坠之际，还试图从北海榨取最后几滴昂贵的石油和天然气，这简直荒谬至极。”
Ami McCarthy, head of politics at Greenpeace UK, said: "Trying to squeeze the last few drops of expensive oil and gas out of the North Sea while the world is reeling from climate impacts is beyond ridiculous."