欧洲正在制定多项计划，以打破这位科技亿万富翁的卫星通信服务的垄断地位。
Europe is working on several plans to break the dominance of the tech billionaire’s satellite communications service.
免费文章，通常仅限订阅者阅读 图为2025年5月21日，埃隆·马斯克在华盛顿白宫留影。| 芯片·索莫德维拉（Chip Somodevilla）/盖蒂图片社 2026年10月26日上午9:33欧洲中部时间 布鲁塞尔——欧盟正在至少五个方面对抗埃隆·马斯克的星链（Starlink）——从阻止访问、扶持竞争对手，到起草旨在直接削弱这位科技大亨在太空业务中日益增长的主导地位的新规则。
Free article usually reserved for subscribers Elon Musk is pictured at the White House in Washington on May 21, 2025. | Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images October 26, 2026 9:33 am CET BRUSSELS — The European Union is fighting Elon Musk's Starlink on at least five fronts —from blocking access, to boosting rivals, to drafting new rules aimed directly at undermining the tech mogul's growing dominance over the space business.
这位全球首富正在扩大他对太空的控制，并正寻求将其卫星宽带行业翘楚星链打造为“主要移动运营商”。近期有消息称，该系统在乌克兰的军用级服务速度变慢，阻碍了基辅针对俄罗斯袭击的防卫，这再次暴露了在战时依赖某个人的企业所带来的风险。
The world's richest man is expanding his grip on space and looking to turn his satellite broadband champion Starlink into a "major mobile carrier." The recent news that the system's military-grade service in Ukraine was slowed down, hampering Kyiv's defenses against Russian attacks, exposed — yet again — the risks of relying on one man’s business during wartime.
在欧洲，各国政府和企业对依赖马斯克的科技感到担忧，它们正在加紧努力进行反击。
In Europe, governments and companies fear the reliance on Musk's technology — and they're ramping up their efforts to push back.
来自中右翼的欧洲议会芬兰籍议员奥拉·萨拉（Aura Salla）在一份声明中表示：“乌克兰对星链的依赖凸显了依赖美国技术的欧洲防御系统的脆弱性。这是又一个提醒，即欧洲必须尽快减少其危险的技术依赖。”《政治报》（POLITICO）详细梳理了欧盟试图打击马斯克卫星在我们上空主导地位的五种方式。
“Ukraine’s dependence on Starlink highlights the vulnerability of European defense systems that rely on U.S. technology," center-right Finnish member of the European Parliament Aura Salla said in a statement. It's "another reminder that Europe must reduce its dangerous technological dependencies — ASAP.”POLITICO breaks down five ways the European Union is trying to crack down on the dominance of Musk's satellites in our skies.
1.为星链的竞争对手扫清道路欧盟委员会主席乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩（Ursula von der Leyen）已全力支持空中客车公司（Airbus）、莱昂纳多公司（Leonardo）和泰雷兹公司（Thales）达成一项协议，将它们的卫星和太空业务合并为一个重量级实体，代号为“布罗莫”（Bromo），这可能是星链母公司太空探索技术公司（SpaceX）的竞争对手。
1.Clearing the path for a Starlink rival European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen has thrown her weight behind a deal between Airbus, Leonardo and Thales to combine their satellite and space businesses in a single heavyweight, codenamed "Bromo" and a possible rival to SpaceX, Starlink's parent company.
这张照片显示了2026年4月16日，在戛纳的泰雷兹阿莱尼亚宇航公司设施内举行的新闻发布会上，荧光探测器（FLEX）模块的外观。| 弗雷德里克·迪德/法新社，经盖蒂图片社授权“如果欧洲要在明天的空间经济中发挥领导作用，这些就是我们需要的工业冠军，”冯德莱恩上个月在巴黎举行的国际空间峰会上表示。欧盟委员会主席对一项尚未获得欧盟竞争监管机构批准的拟议合并表达支持，这极不寻常。
This photograph shows a view of the Fluorescence Explorer (FLEX) module during a press presentation at the Thales Alenia Space facilities in Cannes on April 16, 2026. | Frederic Dides/AFP via Getty Images "These are the types of industrial champions we need if Europe is to lead in the space economy of tomorrow,” von der Leyen told an international space summit in Paris last month. It's highly unusual for the Commission president to express support for a proposed merger that has yet to be approved by EU competition regulators.
该合资企业旨在复制SpaceX成功公式的一部分，将卫星制造、地面系统和空间服务整合在同一个屋檐下。但该交易不一定能通过欧盟反垄断规则的审查，即使监管机构批准，该合资企业也可能需要数年时间才能达到马斯克旗下空间业务的规模和能力。
The joint venture aims to replicate part of SpaceX’s formula for success by bringing satellite manufacturing, ground systems and space services under one single roof. But the deal is not guaranteed to clear EU antitrust rules and, even if regulators approve it, the venture could take years to match the scale and capabilities of Musk’s space businesses. ### **2.
2. 阻止马斯克进入电波领域欧盟委员会今年早些时候采取行动，将卫星频率（即频谱）的关键部分保留给欧洲企业，以确保安全并保持对这一宝贵资产的控制。欧洲为自己争取的这些频段非常适合在没有任何基站或额外天线的情况下，直接向手机提供移动连接。
Blocking Musk from the airwaves** The European Commission earlier this year moved to reserve critical parts of satellite frequencies — known as spectrum — to European players to ensure security and keep control over the prized asset. The chunks Europe wants for itself are well suited to provide mobile connectivity directly to a phone without any cell tower or extra dish.
这一举措立即引发了马斯克公司的强烈反对：“该提案极有可能导致欧洲人无法获得直连手机的卫星服务，或者新的欧洲运营会造成全球干扰问题，包括干扰乌克兰等国的应急服务，”SpaceX在一份获POLITICO获得的四页陈述中警告称。
The move immediately sparked pushback from Musk's company: “The proposal creates a significant likelihood that Europeans will be left without direct-to-device satellite service or that new European operations will create global interference problems, including to emergency services like those in Ukraine," SpaceX warned in a four-page plea obtained by POLITICO.
目前，欧洲各国政府正在努力，使欧洲电信巨头更容易获得垂涎已久的频谱资源。最终，Starlink仍将能够申请部分卫星频率，但欧盟希望对这一资产保持更强的掌控力。
Now, European governments are working to make it easier for European telecom giants to get the coveted airwaves. Ultimately, Starlink would still be able to apply for some of the satellite frequencies, but the EU wants to keep a stronger grip on the asset.
3. 建设欧盟卫星网络 欧盟一直在致力于开发属于自己的卫星星座——名为IRIS²——最终将为政府提供安全通信，为公民提供可靠的宽带服务。
3. Building an EU satellite network The EU has been working to develop its very own satellite constellation — dubbed IRIS² — that would eventually provide governments with secure communications and citizens with reliable broadband.
“乌克兰战争表明，欧洲的安全在多大程度上依赖于太空。在这方面，欧洲必须做得更多，这是我们面临的一个紧迫需求，”欧盟委员会发言人托马斯·雷尼耶对记者表示。
"The war in Ukraine has shown how much Europe's security depends on space. And there again, Europe must do more, and this is an urgent need we're having for ourselves," Commission spokesperson Thomas Regnier told reporters.
这张照片显示了欧盟全球导航卫星系统“伽利略”在圣皮埃尔机场附近的卫星天线，摄于2026年9月19日。 | 路多维克·马林/法新社/盖蒂图片社 但这一雄心勃勃的计划已经落后数年。服务原定于2024年启动，2027年达到全面运力。成本也已上升，部分账单将落在下一份欧盟预算上，而该预算正在激烈谈判中。该星座348颗卫星中的首批卫星现在预计将于2029年发射，初始服务最早计划于2030年提供——相比之下，星链已有超过10,000颗卫星在轨运行。
This photograph shows a view of satellite dishes of the EU's global navigation satellite system Galileo near the airport of Saint-Pierre on September 19, 2026. | Ludovic Marin/AFP via Getty Images But the ambitious plan is already years behind schedule. Services were supposed to start in 2024, with full capacity by 2027. Costs have also climbed, with some of the bill landing on the next EU budget, which is under fierce negotiation. The first of the constellation's 348 satellites are now due to launch in 2029, with initial services planned for 2030 at the earliest — compared with Starlink’s more than 10,000 satellites already in orbit. ### **4.
4. 为乌克兰提供星链替代方案 近几周，乌克兰部队面临星链速度限制，阻碍了拦截俄罗斯攻击无人机和实施中程打击的努力。周六，乌克兰国防部长表示服务已恢复，使该国部队能够再次高速操作无人机——但随后马斯克在X上表示，基辅利用星链进行进攻性无人机攻击违反了星链的服务条款。
Giving Ukraine an alternative to Starlink** In recent weeks, Ukrainian forces have faced Starlink speed limits that hampered efforts to intercept Russian attack drones and carry out mid-range strikes. On Saturday, Ukraine's defense minister said services had been restored, allowing the country's forces to once again operate drones at high speed — though shortly after Musk said on X that Kyiv was violating Starlink's terms of service by using it for offensive drone attacks.
这一事件增加了欧盟执委会面临的压力，要求其允许基辅接入由多个欧盟国家运行的现有安全卫星项目Govsatcom。该系统于2026年初投入运行，旨在支持政府的关键通信服务，直到IRIS²星座投入运行。
The saga has increased pressure on the EU executive to let Kyiv tap into an existing secure satellite project run by several EU countries, called Govsatcom. That system went live in early 2026 and is meant to support governments' critical communication services until the IRIS² constellation becomes operational.
布鲁塞尔与基辅之间的谈判于2026年3月正式启动，但至今尚未取得任何突破。欧盟的Govsatcom也无法提供与星链相同的服务——尽管它可以作为备选方案。
Negotiations between Brussels and Kyiv officially started in March 2026 but have yet to lead to any breakthrough. The EU's Govsatcom would also not match what Starlink can offer — though it could serve as a fallback option.
“我不明白，为什么欧洲委员会和成员国没有尽一切可能，尽快达成一项协议，让乌克兰能够从中受益，”法国欧洲议会议员克里斯托夫·格鲁德勒在一次采访中表示。
"What I don’t understand is why the European Commission and the Member States have not done everything possible to quickly reach an agreement that would allow Ukraine to benefit from it," French member of the European Parliament Christophe Grudler said in an interview. ### **5.
5. 对星链发动法律战 布鲁塞尔的立法者目前正在制定至少三项法案和监管举措，这些举措可能会阻碍、延缓或复杂化星链在欧洲的扩张。
Waging lawfare on Starlink** Legislators in Brussels are currently working on at least three bills and regulatory initiatives that could hamper, slow down or complicate Starlink's expansion in Europe.
据POLITICO获得的提案显示，欧盟电信规则改革的主要谈判代表、波兰中间派议员米哈乌·科博斯科希望马斯克在寻求欧盟对星链服务的授权时，遵守新的供应链安全规则，并遵守更严格的数据保留、合法拦截处理以及法律代表指定义务。
The European Parliament's lead negotiator for an overhaul of the bloc's telecom rules, Polish centrist Michał Kobosko, wants Musk to comply with new supply chain security rules when seeking EU authorization for Starlink services, according to his proposal obtained by POLITICO, and with tougher obligations on data retention, how to handle lawful interception and the designation of legal representatives.
与此同时，欧盟有史以来的首部太空法案正在讨论中，预计将对星链和其他外国卫星运营商施加新的网络安全、太空碎片和环境规则。
Meanwhile, the EU’s first-ever space bill, currently under discussion, is set to impose new cybersecurity, space-debris and environmental rules on Starlink and other foreign satellite operators.
这些规则可能不足以阻止星链，但它们促使美国国务院在最近一次磋商中将其抨击为“不可接受的监管负担”，并称这些规则“似乎专门针对美国公司”。美国通信监管机构负责人布伦丹·卡尔在3月对POLITICO表示，如果美国企业受到阻碍，美国将进行报复，并对欧盟服务实施限制。星链未回应POLITICO的置评请求。
These rules may not be enough to stop Starlink, but they prompted the U.S. State Department to blast them as "unacceptable regulatory burdens" that "appear targeted specifically against U.S. companies" in a recent consultation. The head of the U.S. communications regulator, Brendan Carr, told POLITICO in March that the U.S. will retaliate and impose restrictions on EU services if U.S. players are hampered. Starlink didn't respond to POLITICO's request for comment.
弗朗西斯卡·米凯莱蒂（Francesca Micheletti）对本报道亦有贡献。
反垄断 预算 通信 竞争 连通性 网络安全 欧盟预算 基础设施 并购 军事 移动端 谈判 监管 韧性 卫星 安全 太空 电信 战争 乌克兰战争 俄罗斯 乌克兰 美国 克里斯托夫·格鲁德勒（Christophe Grudler） 伊隆·马斯克（Elon Musk） 米哈乌·科博斯科（Michał Kobosko） 乌尔苏拉·冯德莱恩（Ursula von der Leyen） 弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基（Volodymyr Zelenskyy） 空中客车（Airbus） 欧盟委员会（European Commission） 欧洲议会（European Parliament） 莱昂纳多（Leonardo）
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Francesca Micheletti contributed to this report. AntitrustBudgetCommunicationsCompetitionconnectivityCybersecurityEU BudgetInfrastructuremergersMilitaryMobileNegotiationsRegulatoryResilienceSatellitesSecuritySpaceTelecomsWarWar in Ukraine RussiaUkraineUnited States Christophe GrudlerElon MuskMichał KoboskoUrsula von der LeyenVolodymyr Zelenskyy AirbusEuropean CommissionEuropean ParliamentLeonardo ## UK announces further tariff suspensions on food, drink and fuel ## European defense ministers warn Putin isn’t looking for peace ## 7 big questions as Britain hikes defense spending ## Quebec’s new separatist government wants a bigger role in EU ties ## More from Mathieu Pollet ## EU faces growing pressure to plug Ukraine’s Starlink gap European lawmakers have been calling on Brussels to fast-track Ukraine’s access to the bloc’s satellite capabilities.