斯里尼瓦斯·马祖姆达鲁 2026年10月29日 据报道，美国正在考虑将“暗油轮”转化为合法船只的方式，使其能够运输不受制裁的原油。
Srinivas Mazumdaru October 29, 2026 The US is reportedly considering ways to convert "dark tankers" into legitimate vessels, allowing them to transport crude that is not subject to sanctions.
偏好在谷歌上关注DW 为遏制俄罗斯的石油出口收入，美国和欧洲已加强拦截被指控违反制裁的油轮的努力。自俄罗斯全面入侵乌克兰以来，莫斯科越来越依赖所谓的影子舰队来绕过西方制裁，将石油运往世界各地。
Prefer DW on Google To curb Russia's oil export revenues, the US and Europe have stepped up efforts to intercept tankers accused of violating sanctions Since Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine Moscow has increasingly relied on a so-called shadow fleet to bypass Western sanctions and transport its oil around the world.
其他受制裁严厉的国家，包括伊朗和委内瑞拉，也被指控使用此类船只出口石油产品。这些油轮经常依赖欺骗性做法，例如关闭位置应答器以逃避探测，并隐瞒货物的真实来源或目的地。
Other heavily sanctioned countries, including Iran and Venezuela, have also been accused of using such vessels to export petroleum products These tankers often rely on deceptive practices like turning off their location transponders to evade detection and conceal the cargo's true origins or destinations.
该舰队主要由老旧、无保险且维护不善的油轮组成，在航运业引发了广泛担忧。然而，近年来该舰队迅速扩张，据金融情报公司标准普尔全球的估计，目前已占全球油轮运力的近19%。
The fleet, which consists largely of aging, uninsured and poorly maintained tankers, has raised widespread concern across the shipping industry. Yet it has expanded rapidly in recent years and now accounts for nearly 19% of global oil tanker capacity, according to estimates by financial intelligence firm S&P Global.
“影子舰队是一种祸害，”智库大西洋委员会高级研究员伊丽莎白·布劳表示，并补充说，“让这些船只在世界海洋上航行，对任何人都没有好处。”她指出，这些油轮破坏海事秩序，并增加事故和环境损害的风险。
"The shadow fleet is a scourge," Elisabeth Braw, senior fellow at the think tank Atlantic Council, said, adding that "it is in nobody's interest" to have these ships sailing around in the world's oceans. She pointed out that these tankers undermine the maritime order and increase the risk of accidents and environmental damage.
“每个国家都应该利用其对俄罗斯的影响力，要求其不要使用该舰队，”她对德国之声表示，并指出，最终所有国家都将承受后果。特朗普是在试图结束乌克兰战争，还是在帮助普京赢得战争？要观看此视频，以及 降低运费以减轻制裁？
"Every country should use its leverage with Russia to ask it not to use the fleet," she told DW, noting that ultimately all countries suffer the consequences. Is Trump trying to end the war in Ukraine, or helping Putin win it? To view this video , and Easing sanctions to reduce freight rates?
为打击该舰队并遏制俄罗斯的石油出口收入，美国和欧洲国家已加强拦截被指控违反制裁的油轮的努力。
To clamp down on the fleet and curb Russia's oil export revenues, the United States and European countries have stepped up efforts to intercept tankers accused of violating sanctions.
然而，特朗普政府据报道正考虑对部分影子舰队船只解除制裁，并允许它们运输不受制裁的石油。
The Trump administration, however, is reportedly considering lifting sanctions on some shadow fleet vessels and allowing them to transport oil that is not subject to sanctions.
一名美国官员本月早些时候向路透社表示，此举旨在缓解创纪录的全球高运费。
A US official told Reuters earlier this month that the move was intended to ease record-high global freight rates.
对影子舰队解除制裁“将降低整体制裁制度的有效性，”国际战略研究所（IISS）跨大西洋事务高级研究员迈克尔·卡彭特说。此举“奖励了侵略者，并帮助莫斯科获得收入以继续攻击乌克兰，”他对德国之声（DW）表示。“如果美国想结束战争，这恰恰是它不应该做的事。”
Lifting sanctions on the shadow fleet "would decrease the effectiveness of the sanctions regime overall," said Michael Carpenter, senior fellow for Transatlantic Affairs at the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). Such a move "rewards the aggressor and helps Moscow gain revenues to continue attacking Ukraine," he told DW. "This is the exact opposite of what the US should be doing if it wants to end the war."
卡彭特此前曾担任美国驻欧洲安全与合作组织（OSCE）大使，他表示，任何制裁解除都将使美国和欧盟“在战略上相互对立，欧盟明确支持乌克兰，而美国越来越支持俄罗斯的财政目标。”布鲁金斯学会经济研究副总裁兼主任本·哈里斯也持这一观点。
Carpenter, who previously served as US ambassador to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), said any sanctions relief would also put the US and the EU "strategically at odds with each other, with the EU clearly backing Ukraine and the US increasingly supporting Russia's financial goals." This view is shared by Ben Harris, vice president and director of Economic Studies at the Brookings Institution.
对影子舰队油轮解除制裁将“使俄罗斯以市场价格交易石油变得容易得多，”他说，并指出这将“改善其政府财政，因为大量收入与能源市场挂钩。”然而，美国能源部长克里斯·赖特否认了美国正在对影子舰队油轮解除制裁的说法。
Lifting sanctions on shadow fleet tankers would "make it substantially easier for Russia to trade its oil at market rates," he said, pointing out that it would "improve its government finances since so much revenue is tied to energy markets." US Energy Secretary Chris Wright, however, rejected suggestions that the US was removing sanctions from shadow fleet tankers.
“我们正在将暗油轮转变为合法油轮，”彭博社引用赖特上周的话报道说。“没有解除制裁，”他强调道，并补充说，美国政府正在与那些购买闲置受制裁油轮、对其进行翻新并用于运输不受制裁石油的投资者合作。
"We are converting dark tankers to legitimate tankers," Bloomberg quoted Wright as saying last week. "There is no removing of sanctions," he stressed, adding that the US government was working with investors who buy idle sanctioned tankers, refurbish them and use them to transport oil that is not subject to sanctions.
“我们将把一些我所谓的‘坏人舰队’中的船只转移到‘好人舰队’中，”赖特说。“它们将不再运输受制裁石油。”欧洲为下一次重大能源冲击做好准备了吗？美国政府尚未公布针对影子舰队油轮的详细计划。
"We're going to move some of the ships from what I call the 'bad-guy fleet' to the 'good-guy fleet,'" Wright said. "They will not carry sanctioned oil anymore." Is Europe prepared for its next major energy shock? The US government has yet to unveil a detailed plan for shadow fleet tankers.
特朗普与普京的交易引发担忧 该提议紧随美国总统唐纳德·特朗普本月与其俄罗斯对手弗拉基米尔·普京达成的一项协议，该协议允许将俄罗斯柴油销售到全球市场。
Trump's deal with Putin raises concerns The proposal follows a deal that US President Donald Trump struck with his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin this month to allow sales of Russian diesel onto global markets.
该协议被视为特朗普为降低美国国内燃油价格所做努力的一部分，美国中期选举定于11月3日举行。
The agreement was seen as part of Trump's efforts to lower domestic fuel prices ahead of the US midterm elections on November 3.
美国总统还豁免了最近一项立法授权的对俄罗斯的广泛新制裁，该立法针对莫斯科的能源收入，并威胁要对俄罗斯石油和天然气的全球最大买家征收关税。
The US president also waived broad new sanctions on Russia authorized by a recent legislation, which targeted Moscow's energy revenues and threatened tariffs against the world's largest purchasers of Russian oil and gas.
乌克兰及其欧洲盟友对此决定进行了严厉批评，担心这可能削弱制裁的可信度，并削弱西方对莫斯科的经济压力。
The decision was sharply criticized by Ukraine and its European allies over concerns that it could undermine the credibility of sanctions and weaken Western economic pressure on Moscow.
小型水道如何使大国脆弱 哈里斯表示，“美国制裁之所以分量如此之重，是因为[各国和企业]面临被切断与美国金融体系联系的威胁。”欧盟能做什么？
How small waterways make big powers vulnerable Harris said that "the US sanctions carry outsized weight because of the threat [for countries and businesses] of being cut off from the US financial system." What can the EU do?
他辩称，如果美国退出对影子舰队的制裁，“责任就转移到了欧洲政策制定者身上。”不过，由于切断金融联系的威胁减弱，他们拥有的选择“效果较差”。尽管如此，这位专家强调，欧洲仍有一些工具可用，并指出该大陆在全球航运和保险服务中的关键作用。
If the US steps away from its sanctions on the shadow fleet, he argued, "the responsibility shifts to European policymakers." Still, they have "less effective options because of the diminished threat of severing financial ties." Still, the expert stressed that Europe has some tools, pointing to the continent's key role in global shipping and insurance services.
他说，各国可以采取措施，要求油轮在通过其领海时携带合法且已确立的保险，并指出这“将意味着许多影子舰队油轮实际上无法合法运输俄罗斯石油”。哈里斯补充说，欧洲政策制定者还可以向全球各国施压，要求其更好地管辖本国旗帜下的油轮。
"They can implement measures demanding that tankers carry legitimate and established insurance when traveling through their waters," he said, noting that it "would mean that many shadow fleet tankers could not in practice legally transport Russian oil." Harris added that European policymakers could also pressure countries worldwide to better regulate the tankers flying their flags.
卡彭特表示，即使华盛顿放松部分限制，欧盟也别无选择，只能继续对这些船只实施制裁。
Carpenter said even if Washington eases some restrictions, the EU will have no choice but to continue enforcing its sanctions on these vessels.
“影子舰队的绝大多数船只穿过波罗的海，并经丹麦海峡驶出，”他表示，并补充说，欧盟“独具优势，能够登船检查通过这一关键咽喉要道的船只。”但莫斯科已威胁，若欧洲国家拦截并扣押涉嫌属于影子舰队的俄罗斯船只，将报复性扣押欧洲国家的船只。
"The vast majority of the shadow fleet traverses the Baltic Sea and exits it via the Danish Strait," he noted, adding that the EU is "uniquely positioned to board and inspect vessels moving through this key chokepoint." But Moscow has threatened to seize ships belonging to European countries in retaliation for interdicting and seizing Russian vessels suspected of being part of the shadow fleet.
卡彭特还说，如果没有美国的支持，“欧盟国家将更难承担制裁执行的负担和风险。”布劳也持这一观点，称乌克兰的欧洲盟友必须保持团结，并继续与日本、澳大利亚和加拿大等伙伴密切合作。不过，她强调，他们单独能够实现的目标“远不及美国加入团队时所能实现的目标。”编辑：罗布·马奇 俄罗斯的影子舰队在波罗的海做什么？
And without US backing, Carpenter said, "it will be harder for EU countries to take on the burdens and risks of sanctions enforcement." Braw echoed this view, saying that Ukraine's European allies will have to remain united and continue working closely with partners such as Japan, Australia and Canada. Nevertheless, she stressed that what they can achieve on their own "is far less than what they can achieve if the US is part of the team." Edited by: Rob Mudge What is Russia's shadow fleet doing in the Baltic Sea?