亚松森，11月11日——对于亚松森规模庞大的第四市场里许多摊主来说，数字银行ueno的出现曾是一场变革。
ASUNCION, Nov 11 - For many stallholders at Asuncion’s sprawling Mercado 4, the introduction of digital bank ueno had been a revelation.
卖水果、电子产品和服装的商贩们可以不再使用现金，转而用绿色的销售点终端处理支付和转账。许多人此前从未拥有过银行账户。但那时生意兴隆，操作简便对买卖双方都是福音。随后崩盘来临。
The sellers of fruit, electronics and clothing could dispense with cash and instead use the green point-of-sale terminals to process payments and transfers. Many had never had bank accounts previously. But now business boomed and the ease of use was a boon to both buyers and sellers. Then came the bust.
巴拉圭中央银行上周以偿付能力担忧为由，将ueno置于处置程序，冻结了数百万个账户。这场倒闭引发了该国十多年来最严重的政治危机，同时也警示了依赖这类在全球日益流行的快速增长的数字银行机构可能带来的危险。
Paraguay’s central bank last week placed ueno into resolution over solvency concerns, freezing millions of accounts. Triggering the country’s biggest political crisis in more than a decade, the collapse is also a warning of the potential dangers of relying on the kinds of fast-growing digital banking outfits that have become popular globally.
在第四市场，曾经拥挤的摊位之间，熙熙攘攘的景象已基本消失，商贩们纷纷争抢替代方案。一些人转向其他银行，另一些人则重新使用现金——这一冒险之举使他们容易成为犯罪的目标。还有一些人仍在等待拿回自己的钱。
At Mercado 4, the bustle between the once-crowded stalls has largely vanished as sellers scramble for alternatives. Some are trying other banks, others are going back to cash — a risky move that leaves them vulnerable to crime. Some are still waiting to get their money back.
“大多数人都损失了很多钱。他们确实受到了很大影响，”60岁的服装摊主埃尔维亚·基罗斯说，她在该市场工作已超过三十年。
"Most have lost a lot of money. They’re really affected," said Elvia Quiroz, a 60-year-old clothing seller who has worked at the market for over three decades.
ueno将自己标榜为巴拉圭“金融普惠领域无可争议的领导者”。去年，巴拉圭非正规就业占劳动力的60%。营销活动强调了该银行的作用：通过简化的开户流程和返现激励，帮助街头小贩和微型创业者进入正规体系。
Ueno branded itself as Paraguay’s "undisputed leader in financial inclusion," in a country where informal employment accounted for 60% of the workforce last year. Marketing campaigns highlighted the bank’s role in helping to bring street vendors and micro-entrepreneurs into the formal system through a streamlined account-opening process and cashback incentives.
“我们已经习惯了转账。人们做生意都是这么做的，”基罗斯说。“突然发生了这件事，一切都崩溃了。”归咎前总统11月3日该银行倒闭，导致巴拉圭各地约300万客户暂时无法使用自己的账户，当局正在努力向储户退款，并将客户转移到其他银行。一个当地商户协会估计，第四市场约80%的摊贩使用乌埃诺银行。
"We got used to transfers. People did business that way," Quiroz said. "Suddenly this happened and everything fell apart." BLAMING FORMER PRESIDENT The bank’s collapse on November 3 left roughly 3 million customers across Paraguay temporarily unable to access their accounts, while authorities work to reimburse depositors and transfer customers to other banks. A local merchants’ association estimated that around 80% of Mercado 4 vendors used ueno.
48岁的水果摊贩希拉里娅·埃斯库拉说，她仍在等待自己的钱，并觉得很难再信任银行。
Hilaria Escurra, a 48-year-old fruit vendor, said she was still waiting for her money and felt it would be difficult to trust banks again.
“这是对所有巴拉圭人的打击，”她说。“这场随银行关闭而来的危机摧毁了我们。”与市场上的其他几个人一样，埃斯库拉将这场危机归咎于最近被赶下台的总统圣地亚哥·培尼亚。培尼亚与乌埃诺银行背后的集团有商业往来，并任命乌埃诺银行前行长卡洛斯·卡瓦略领导中央银行。上周，培尼亚被弹劾并免职。
"This is a blow to all Paraguayans," she said. "This crisis that came with the bank’s closure devastated us." Like several others at the market, Escurra blamed the recently ousted President Santiago Peña for the crisis. Peña had business ties to the group behind ueno, and tapped ueno’s former president, Carlos Carvallo, to lead the central bank. Last week Peña was impeached and removed from office.
检察官随后指控培尼亚和卡瓦略犯有背信罪和为个人利益滥用职权罪。两人均否认有不当行为。培尼亚“让我们所有人破产了，”埃斯库拉说。“没有好的选择”对第四市场商户协会主席莱昂纳多·奥赫达来说，乌埃诺银行在极短的时间内改变了市场上的经营方式。乌埃诺银行2021年才成立，并于2023年获得银行牌照。
Prosecutors later charged both Peña and Carvallo with breach of trust and administration for personal gain. They have denied wrongdoing. Peña "left all of us bankrupt," Escurra said. ’NO GOOD OPTIONS’For Leonardo Ojeda, president of the Mercado 4 Merchants Association, ueno had transformed the way business was done at the market in a remarkably short time. Ueno only launched in 2021 and obtained its banking license in 2023.
“经济以令人难以置信的方式运转，因为它让开户变得更容易，”奥赫达说。“它让在银行营业时间之外存钱变得更容易。”他说，摊贩们开始依赖乌埃诺银行，尽管有些人对它在不到五年内从一家小众金融科技公司迅速崛起为重要金融参与者感到不安。
"The economy moved in an incredible way because it made it easier to open accounts," Ojeda said. "It made it easier to deposit money outside banking hours." Vendors came to rely on ueno even though some were nervous about its swift rise from a niche fintech to major financial player in less than five years, he said.
反对党和执政党议员都提出了各自的担忧，其中最主要的是对乌埃诺银行管理着大量公共资金以及监管机构据称缺乏监督的担忧。
Both opposition and ruling party lawmakers raised their own concerns, chief among them worries about the significant public funds being managed by ueno and an alleged lack of oversight by regulators.
央行最终出手干预，此前认定 ueno 没有足够资本来覆盖与其有关联公司所发放贷款相关的风险。
The central bank ultimately intervened after concluding ueno did not have enough capital to cover the risks associated with loans it had made to companies with which it was connected.
巴拉圭新总统佩德罗·阿利亚纳上周就职，他周二表示，95%的 ueno 储户已通过该国存款担保基金获得偿付，其余部分将在周三前完成。
Paraguay’s new President Pedro Alliana, who took office last week, said on Tuesday that 95% of ueno depositors had been reimbursed through the country’s deposit guarantee fund, and the rest would be completed by Wednesday.
检察官迄今已就这家银行的倒闭起诉了35人，但巴拉圭人仍在等待了解 ueno 兴衰的完整经过。
Prosecutors have charged 35 people so far in connection with the bank’s collapse, but Paraguayans are still waiting to find out the full story of ueno’s rise and fall.
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