美国联邦航空管理局（FAA）在11月13日因间歇性通信中断而暂停全国起飞航班，但交通部长肖恩·达菲表示，这并非“完全中断”。
Niraj Chokshi The FAA paused departing US flights after an intermittent communications outage on Nov 13, but Sean Duffy said it was not a “complete blackout”.
据交通部长称，在中断期间，管制员仍通过语音无线电和其他备用系统联系上了飞行员。
Controllers still reached pilots during the disruption, using voice radio and other backup systems, according to the Transportation Secretary.
如果无线电失效，航空领域还有更多备用手段，包括短信、卫星链路和塔台光信号，有助于保障飞机安全。
Aviation has more backups if radio fails, including text messages, satellite links and tower light signals, which help keep planes safe.
11月13日的通信中断导致美国联邦航空管理局暂停全国起飞航班，但飞行员并未与联邦空中交通管制员完全失联。
AI generated A communications outage on Nov 13 led the US Federal Aviation Administration to pause departing flights nationwide, but pilots were not entirely cut off from federal air traffic controllers.
在11月13日晚间的新闻发布会上，交通部长肖恩·达菲表示，中断是间歇性的，因此联邦管制员仍能联系上飞行员。
In a night news conference on Nov 13, Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy said the outage was intermittent, so federal controllers were still able to reach pilots.
“通信或雷达并非完全中断，”他说，“所以我们能够维持部分通信。”但即使发生完全中断，航空当局也有多种备用手段与飞行员保持联系。
“It wasn’t a complete blackout in communication or radar,” he said. “So we were able to keep some of those communications going.”But even in a complete outage, aviation authorities have multiple backups to maintain contact with pilots.
飞行员和空中交通管制员主要通过语音无线电通信，使用主用、备用和应急频率。
Pilots and air traffic controllers primarily communicate by voice radio, using primary, backup and emergency frequencies.
管制员和航空公司调度员也可向飞行员发送基于文本的信息。许多商用飞机还配备卫星通信，在飞机飞越海洋等偏远空域时，这对联系地面人员特别有用。
Controllers and airline dispatchers can also send text-based messages to pilots. And many commercial planes are equipped with satellite communications, which are especially useful for reaching people on the ground when the planes are flying in remote airspace like over the ocean.
如果塔台失去无线电能力，还可用高强度彩色灯光与飞行员通信，飞行员可通过摇晃机翼或闪烁灯光来确认。本文原载于《纽约时报》。
If a control tower loses radio capabilities, it can also communicate with pilots with high-intensity coloured lights, which pilots can acknowledge by rocking their wings or flashing lights in response. NYTIMES This article originally appeared in The New York Times.