斯蒂芬·麦格拉思，韦塞林·托什科夫 索菲亚，保加利亚 — — 本月，在北约成员国罗马尼亚和保加利亚海岸外的黑海，至少七艘货船遭到一系列无人机袭击，导致一些北约成员国开始怀疑俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京是否正在寻求升级，以测试他们对乌克兰在与莫斯科全面入侵作战中的支持。
STEPHEN McGRATH, VESELIN TOSHKOV SOFIA, Bulgaria — A string of drone attacks on at least seven cargo vessels in the Black Sea this month, off the coasts of NATO members Romania and Bulgaria, has some members of the alliance wondering if Russian President Vladimir Putin is seeking escalation to test their support for Ukraine in its war against Moscow’s full-scale invasion.
这些袭击发生在这两个国家的专属经济区内，威胁着全球航运路线，并已造成两人死亡，至少还有25人失踪。这些袭击还可能将其他国家直接卷入乌克兰战争。
The attacks in the two countries’ exclusive economic zones threaten a global shipping route and have left two people dead, with at least 25 still missing. They also run the risk of drawing other countries directly into the war for Ukraine.
在整个战争期间，俄罗斯反复轰炸乌克兰的黑海和多瑙河港口，导致基辅越来越依赖替代路线将其谷物出口运往非洲和中东的市场。俄罗斯无人机反复侵犯靠近乌克兰一些多瑙河港口的罗马尼亚领空。
Throughout the war, Russia has repeatedly bombarded Ukraine’s Black Sea and Danube river ports, leaving Kyiv increasingly reliant on alternative routes to get its grain exports to markets in Africa and the Middle East. Russian drones have repeatedly violated Romanian airspace near some of Ukraine’s Danube ports.
在最新事件中，周三和周四，两艘被无人机击中的船只发生火灾，其中一艘位于罗马尼亚领海内。
In the latest incidents, fires broke out on two ships struck by drones Wednesday and Thursday, one in Romania’s territorial waters.
罗马尼亚总统尼库索尔·丹周四在布鲁塞尔表示，“两架无人机”击中了这些船只，但他未说明这些无人机属于谁。他警告说：“罗马尼亚国家将会有所反应。”
Romanian President Nicusor Dan said Thursday in Brussels that “two drones” had hit the vessels but did not say whose drones they were. “There will be a reaction from the Romanian state,” he warned.
越来越多的怀疑指向俄罗斯。“鉴于所有这些袭击的结果都有利于俄罗斯 — — 事实上，逻辑指向那个方向 — — 乌克兰攻击自己的船只和船员毫无逻辑可言，”保加利亚总理鲁门·拉德夫在其国家议会告诉议员们。
Increasingly, the suspicion falls on Russia. “There is no logic in Ukraine attacking its own ships and crews, given that the outcome of all these attacks favors Russia — and indeed, the logic points in that direction,” Bulgarian Prime Minister Rumen Radev told his country’s Parliament.
“问题在于我们无法证明这一点。”圣马力诺籍的“酒商号”化学品油轮，原本从突尼斯驶往罗马尼亚，周四被无人机击中并起火。五名船员获救，但另有七人失踪。
“The problem is that we cannot prove it.”The San Marino-flagged Wine Trader , a chemical tanker traveling from Tunisia to Romania, was struck by a drone Thursday and caught fire. Five crew members were rescued but another seven are missing.
周三，有报道称，一艘从土耳其驶往罗马尼亚的科摩罗斯旗帜化学油轮Yara J遭到无人机袭击并起火。罗马尼亚代理国防部长拉杜·米鲁塔表示，调查正在进行中。
On Wednesday, a drone strike and fire were reported on the Comoros-flagged Yara J, a chemical and oil tanker traveling from Turkey to Romania. Romania’s acting Defense Minister Radu Miruta said an investigation was underway.
周二，保加利亚海岸外有两艘船只遭到无人机袭击。救援人员从一艘由乌克兰操作、马耳他旗帜的Chelsea 3号船上疏散了全部15名船员，但一艘几内亚比绍旗帜的HS Dignity号船上仍有11名船员失踪。
On Tuesday, two ships were struck by drones off Bulgaria’s coast. Rescuers evacuated all 15 crew members from the Ukraine-operated Chelsea 3, sailing under a Maltese flag, but 11 crew from the Guinea-Bissau-flagged HS Dignity are still missing .
Chelsea 3号船的船员报告称，该船的甲板和船体被三架空中无人机击中。
The crew of the Chelsea 3 reported the ship’s deck and hull were hit by three aerial drones.
本月早些时候，海上和空中无人机袭击了保加利亚专属经济区内的另外两艘商船。一艘托哥旗帜的船只沉没，船上12名水手下落不明；而一艘保加利亚渡轮从一艘受损的帕劳旗帜船只上疏散了18名船员。
Earlier this month, sea and aerial drones attacked two other commercial vessels in Bulgaria’s exclusive economic zone. A Togo-flagged ship sank with no sign of the 12 sailors reported on board, while a Bulgarian ferry evacuated 18 crew members from a Palau-flagged vessel that was damaged.
一天前，一艘载有玉米的土耳其籍货船在遭到无人机袭击后起火，随后在罗马尼亚海岸外沉没。事故造成2人死亡，11名船员获救。乌克兰总统弗拉基米尔·泽连斯基将此次袭击描述为“两架俄罗斯无人机在中立水域对民用船只发动的恐怖袭击”。
A day earlier, a Turkish-owned cargo ship carrying corn caught fire following a drone attack and later sank off the coast of Romania. Two people died and 11 crew members were rescued. Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy described the attack as “a horrific strike by two Russian drones on a civilian vessel” in neutral waters.
俄罗斯驾保加利亚索非亚大使表示，她没有收到俄罗斯国防部的任何信息。
Russia’s ambassador in Sofia, Bulgaria, said she didn’t have any information from the Russian defense ministry.
北约秘书长马克·吕特周四在X上表示，他与拉德夫和丹会面，讨论黑海安全问题以及“最近对商业航运的袭击”。
NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte said on X on Thursday that he met Radev and Dan to discuss security in the Black Sea and “the latest attacks on commercial shipping.”
“北约已加强了我们在东翼的态势，包括提升反无人机能力，”他说。“北约将继续与黑海地区的盟友密切合作，根据需要调整我们的威慑和防御态势。”北约宪章第五条规定了相互防御保证——对一个成员的攻击即是对所有成员的攻击——但罗马尼亚国防分析师拉杜·图多尔表示，尚不清楚第五条是否适用于许多黑海无人机袭击，因为这些袭击发生在盟国的专属经济区内。
“NATO has strengthened our posture along the eastern flank including with increasing counter-drone capabilities,” he said. “NATO will continue to work closely with our Allies in the Black Sea, adjusting our deterrence and defense posture as needed.”Article 5 of the NATO charter has a mutual defense guarantee — an attack on one is an attack on all — but Romanian defense analyst Radu Tudor said it was uncertain as to whether it covers many of the Black Sea drone strikes because they occurred in the alliance members’ exclusive economic zones.
“专属经济区是否应包含在第五条类型的反应范围之内，仍有待讨论，”他说。“而且看来到目前为止，它并不包含——这引发了许多问题。”图多尔认为，北约在黑海的反应太慢了。
“It’s a matter of discussion whether the exclusive economic zone is included in the Article 5-type reaction or not,” he said. “And it seems that until now, it isn’t — which raised a lot of questions.”NATO has been too slow to respond in the Black Sea, he argued.
“数十起事件正在发生，俄罗斯正逐步逼近北约边境。……仅靠言论是不够的，”图多尔说。
“Tens of incidents are happening and Russia is getting closer to NATO borders. … Words are not enough,” Tudor said.
十月份的黑海无人机事件只是自莫斯科发动对乌克兰的全面入侵以来，罗马尼亚和其他北约成员国长期遭受无人机领空侵扰事件的最新一起。虽然大多数无人机来自俄罗斯，但乌克兰的无人机也曾越境。
The Black Sea drone incidents in October are just the latest in a long string of drone airspace incursions to rock Romania and other NATO members since Moscow launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine. While most have come from Russia, Ukrainian drones have also crossed borders.
八月，罗马尼亚派出两架F-16战斗机摧毁了一架据称携带炸药的海上无人机，该无人机曾被发现靠近一个主要的黑海天然气项目。代理国防部长米鲁塔表示，这一决定是为了“保护在天然气平台工作的数百人的生命”。
In August, Romania deployed two F-16 fighter jets to destroy a naval drone that was reportedly carrying explosives and was spotted near a major Black Sea gas project, a decision that Acting Defense Minister Miruta said was made to “protect the lives of the several hundred people” working on the gas platform.
一位不愿透露姓名的罗马尼亚国防部门人士对美联社表示，这些袭击旨在在经济上伤害乌克兰，而“罗马尼亚目前不是目标”。
A source in Romania’s defense sector, who was not authorized to speak publicly about the incidents, told The Associated Press that the attacks are designed to hurt Ukraine economically and that “Romania is not the target right now.”
“整个夏天我们一直在打捞各种（无人机）碎片，水面无人机，海上无人机，空中无人机，水中的碎片，海滩上的碎片，”他们说。“如果这种情况继续下去……应该有人来处理这件事。”该人士补充说，他们听说土耳其“希望召集所有黑海沿岸国家，计划通过一个军事化的安全走廊护送这些船队”。
“All summer we’ve been hunting all kinds of (drone) debris, water drones, sea drones, air drones, debris in the water, on the beaches,” they said. “If this continues … someone should do something about that.”The source added they have heard Turkey “would like to summon all the riparian (Black Sea) states to plan a mission to escort these convoys” through a militarized safe corridor.
“我不确定土耳其的情况，但我们的罗马尼亚舰艇没有防空防御系统来抵御无人机，”他们说。“这对海军来说风险很高，军舰护送这些船队也存在高风险。”7月，罗马尼亚、保加利亚和土耳其根据罗马尼亚国防部的说法，扩大了黑海水雷反击特遣队海军协议，以“将任务扩展到保护关键水下基础设施”。该协议将包括在罗马尼亚专属经济区内永久海军存在。许多商船挂着一个国家的旗帜，但由另一国家的公司所有。
“I’m not sure about Turkish, but our Romanian vessels don’t have anti-air defense systems to protect against drones,” they said. “That would be a high risk for the Navy, for military vessels to escort this.”In July, Romania, Bulgaria, and Turkey expanded the Black Sea Mine Countermeasures Task Force naval pact to “expand the missions to the protection of critical submarine infrastructure,” according to Romania’s defense ministry. It would include, it said, a permanent naval presence in Romania’s exclusive economic zone. Many commercial vessels are flagged to one country and owned by a company based elsewhere.
“罗马尼亚和土耳其为什么要护送一艘来自百慕大、我不知道是谁拥有的船只，只是为了从埃及运输几百吨谷物？”该人士说。“这很困难。”保加利亚国防部长迪米塔尔·斯托亚诺夫周三表示，该国计划在10月底前加入北约的“无人机边缘”项目。该项目于7月启动——罗马尼亚也参与其中——旨在未来五年投资超过400亿美元用于“反无人机能力”。
“Why would Romania and Turkey escort a ship from Bermuda with, I don’t know, an Argentinian owner just to transport a few hundred tons of grains from Egypt?” the source said. “It’s difficult.”Bulgarian Defense Minister Dimitar Stoyanov said Wednesday that the country plans to join NATO’s Drone Edge project by the end of October. Launched in July, the initiative — which Romania also joined — aims to invest over $40 billion in “counter-drone capabilities” over the next five years.
谷物咨询公司Agricolumn的创始人切扎尔·格奥尔盖告诉美联社，无人机事件并未对罗马尼亚黑海港口康斯坦察的贸易产生负面影响。他表示，主要担忧是更广泛的黑海地区保险费用的上升。
Cezar Gheorghe, founder of grain consultancy firm Agricolumn, told the AP that the drone incidents have not negatively impacted trade at Romania’s Black Sea port of Constanta. The main concern is a rise in insurance costs in the wider Black Sea, he said.
“（风险的）溢价正在增加……所有想来康斯坦察的人，比如说从土耳其、从博斯普鲁斯海峡以及该地区其他地方来的人，都将面临保险费用的（溢价）上涨。”他说。他补充道，他主要担心的是在康斯坦察或其附近发生“严重事件”。6月份，一艘乌克兰海上无人艇在该港口爆炸，另有三艘在附近。“这只是时间问题，”他说。麦格拉斯报道自英格兰利明顿斯帕。
“The (premium) for the risk is increasing, ... everyone that wants to come to Constanta, let’s say from Turkey, from the Bosphorus Strait and across that area, will have a (premium) on insurance costs,” he said. He added his main concern is a “serious incident” occurring at or near Constanta. In June, a Ukrainian maritime drone exploded at the port , and three others nearby. “It’s a matter of time,” he said. McGrath reported from Leamington Spa, England.