在几个欧洲国家，受法国数周抗议活动启发的左翼人士发起了自己的大规模示威。但与法国一样，如果这些抗议活动演变为暴力，很可能会有利于右翼。最明显的例子是意大利，那里中学生从十月起开始模仿法国同龄人，占领教室，抗议教育资金不足。这些活动已发展成反对生活成本高昂的大规模示威，并得到左翼政党和工会的支持。
In several European countries, leftists inspired by weeks of protests in France have launched mass demonstrations of their own. But as in France, such protests are likely to benefit the right if they turn violent. The clearest case is Italy, where in October secondary-school students began imitating their French peers and occupying classrooms in protest against underfunding. Those have grown into broad demos over the cost of living, backed by left-wing parties and unions.
十月十七日，情况发生了变化，当时几场游行被穿黑衣的帮派劫持。都灵和博洛尼亚爆发骚乱，米兰大教堂广场发生纵火。商店被洗劫，数十名警察受伤，数百人被捕。十月十七日运动在Telegram和Instagram上出现，呼吁每周六举行抗议，直到政府垮台。一场游行计划于十月二十四日在罗马举行，许多人预计会发生暴力事件。
Things changed on October 17th, when several marches were hijacked by black-clad gangs. Riots erupted in Turin and Bologna, and fires were set in Milan’s Piazza del Duomo. Shops were looted, dozens of police injured and hundreds arrested. An October 17th Movement has emerged on Telegram and Instagram, calling for protests every Saturday until the government falls. A march is planned in Rome on October 24th, and many expect violence.
暴徒没有明显的领导人，但有一首非官方的背景音乐：法布里·菲布拉的《在意大利2024》，这是一首充满末日感的社会排斥与反抗颂歌。“我们才刚刚开始，”来自米兰贫民区巴罗纳的说唱歌手马拉卡什说。许多暴徒的移民背景，为民粹右翼联盟党领袖马泰奥·萨尔维尼提供了弹药，他主张禁止移民在意大利出生的子女在被定罪犯罪后获得公民身份。
The rioters lack obvious leaders but have an unofficial soundtrack: Fabri Fibra’s “In Italia 2024”, a doom-laden anthem of social exclusion and rebellion. “We’re only at the beginning,” says Marracash, a rapper from Barona, a poor neighbourhood in Milan. The immigrant backgrounds of many rioters have provided ammunition for Matteo Salvini, head of the populist-right Lega party, to call for barring the Italian-born children of immigrants from acquiring citizenship if convicted of crimes.
意大利明年将举行大选。民粹右翼总理乔治娅·梅洛尼挑战进步派民主党和五星运动谴责暴力。支持合法示威可能让他们显得在纵容骚乱。罗马路易斯大学的拉菲莱·马尔凯蒂表示，对秩序混乱的恐惧可能有利于右翼。10月20日，梅洛尼内阁批准对未成年人采取预防性拘留，并赋予500名驻扎在米兰的士兵警务权力。然而，骚乱可能有利于她右翼阵营中的对手，而非她本人。极右翼前将军罗伯托·万纳奇及其反对党“国家未来党”表示，警察应使用橡胶子弹和警犬驱散抗议者。
Italy will hold a general election next year. Giorgia Meloni, the populist-right prime minister, has challenged the progressive Democratic Party and Five Star Movement to condemn the violence. By backing the legitimate demonstrations, they risk seeming to condone the rioting. Fear of disorder will probably benefit the right, says Raffaele Marchetti of the Luiss University in Rome. On October 20th Ms Meloni’s cabinet allowed preventive detention of minors, and gave policing powers to 500 soldiers in Milan. Yet the riots may benefit not her, but her rivals on the right. Roberto Vannacci, a far-right former general, and his opposition National Future party have said the police should use rubber bullets and dogs to disperse protesters.
其他地方的示威同样让左翼与右翼对立。自9月以来，西班牙民众一直在抗议住房成本，社会党首相佩德罗·桑切斯支持他们。葡萄牙和希腊爆发了大规模抗议生活成本的活动。10月17日，布鲁塞尔几百名极左翼活动人士与警察发生冲突。
Demos elsewhere also pit left against right. Spaniards have been protesting over housing costs since September, backed by Pedro Sánchez, the Socialist prime minister. Big protests over the cost of living have broken out in Portugal and Greece. On October 17th a few hundred far-left activists clashed with police in Brussels.
但法国和意大利以外最激烈的示威发生在阿尔巴尼亚，背景不同。自5月31日起，阿尔巴尼亚民众一直在抗议总理埃迪·拉马的政府。数月来，示威活动一直和平；因唐纳德·特朗普的女婿贾里德·库什纳计划在自然保护区建设海滩度假村而引发，这些示威被称为“火烈鸟革命”。但自10月13日起，该运动的一个暴力派别已袭击了部委、法院、银行和商店。
But the most violent demonstrations outside France and Italy are in Albania, and have a different background. Albanians have been protesting against the government of Edi Rama, the prime minister, since May 31st. For months the demonstrations were peaceful; prompted by a plan by Jared Kushner, Donald Trump’s son-in-law, to build a beach resort in a nature reserve, they were dubbed the Flamingo Revolution. But since October 13th a violent wing of the movement has attacked ministries, courts, banks and shops.
弗拉明戈抗议始终不仅仅关乎度假村开发。尽管近年来取得了经济进步，阿尔巴尼亚仍是欧洲最贫穷的国家之一，腐败程度高。拉马总理声称，骚乱受到俄罗斯和伊朗的鼓动。他拒绝辞职，并承诺向警察发放巨额奖金，以重新控制街道。一位出于报复担忧而要求匿名的学者表示，抗议者认为自己能迫使总理下台的信念是错误的，但他强硬的回应已经摧毁了他的合法性：“我认为他无法从中恢复过来。”
The Flamingo protests were always about more than resort development. Despite economic progress in recent years, Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe and corruption levels are high. Mr Rama claims the riots are encouraged by Russia and Iran. He refuses to resign, and promises huge bonuses to police to take back the streets. One academic, who requested anonymity for fear of retaliation, said the protesters’ belief that they could force the prime minister out had been misplaced, but that his hard-line response had destroyed his legitimacy: “I don’t think there is any coming back from this.”
大多数抗议者都鄙视反对派领袖，而这位领袖本人也曾在1997年被抗议迫使下台。但本周的骚乱可能标志着拉马总理终结的开始。阿尔巴尼亚、法国、意大利及其他地方的骚乱确实有一个共同点：公民要求政府——无论是因为腐败还是财政现实——无法提供的东西。■
Most protesters despise the opposition leader, who was himself driven out as president by protests in 1997. But this week’s riots could mark the beginning of Mr Rama’s end. The riots in Albania, France, Italy and elsewhere do have one thing in common. Citizens are demanding things that governments, whether because of corruption or fiscal reality, cannot provide. ■