基辅，乌克兰——乌克兰官员表示，俄罗斯正在给无人机安装更大的抗干扰天线，使乌克兰军队更难使用电子对抗手段干扰其导航信号。
KYIV, Ukraine — Russia is fitting drones with larger jam-resistant antennas, making it harder for Ukrainian forces to use electronic countermeasures to scramble their navigation signals, Ukrainian officials said.
由公司VNIIR-Progress生产的俄罗斯科梅塔导航模块，使用称为贴片天线的小型接收元件阵列，以在干扰下保持卫星导航正常工作。据乌克兰军事情报局HUR运营的俄罗斯武器数据库显示，这些模块已被发现安装在Geran无人机、滑翔炸弹套件、伊斯坎德尔-M导弹和匕首导弹以及新型菲林巡航导弹上。
Russia’s Kometa navigation modules, produced by the company VNIIR-Progress, use arrays of small receiving elements called patch antennas to keep satellite navigation working through jamming. They have been found on Geran drones, glide-bomb kits, Iskander-M and Kinzhal missiles and the new Filin cruise missile, according to a database of Russian weapons run by Ukraine’s military intelligence agency, HUR.
克里姆林宫已经大规模使用带有16元件天线阵列的科梅塔模块，并正在建立20元件天线阵列的系列生产，HUR于10月19日表示，这增强了其判断干扰来向并进行补偿的能力。
The Kremlin is already using Kometa modules with 16-element antenna arrays at scale and is setting up serial production of 20-element arrays, increasing its capability to work out which direction jamming comes from and compensate for it, HUR said Oct. 19.
电子战专家、乌克兰总统泽连斯基国防技术顾问谢尔希·“闪电”·贝斯克雷斯诺夫表示，携带32元件天线的沙赫德无人机已被发现袭击基辅。
Shaheds carrying antennas with 32 elements have already been found attacking Kyiv, said Serhii “Flash” Beskrestnov, an electronic-warfare specialist and adviser to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on defense technology.
“元件越多，天线能够压制的电子战信号源就越多，”他在10月的一篇电报帖子中表示。
“The more elements, the more electronic-warfare signal sources the antenna can suppress,” he said in an October post on Telegram.
贝斯克雷斯诺夫表示，更大的天线给俄罗斯带来不对称优势，因为安装比应对更容易。
The larger antennas give Russia an asymmetric advantage by being easier to counter than to install, Beskrestnov said.
“这场竞赛对我们来说很困难，因为敌人增加天线元件数量比我们增加电子战站点更容易，”贝斯克雷斯诺夫表示。
“This race is difficult for us because it is easier for the enemy to increase the number of elements on an antenna than it is for us to add electronic warfare sites,” Beskrestnov said.
防护更好的俄罗斯无人机可以穿越乌克兰的电子战屏障——这是其最经济实惠且最广泛的防空层之一——导致更多无人机需要通过更昂贵的选项，如拦截无人机、战斗机和导弹来击落。
Russia’s better-protected drones can fly through Ukraine’s EW shield — one of its most affordable and widespread layers of air defense — leaving more of them to be shot down by costlier options, like interceptor drones, jets and missiles.
乌克兰军事情报总局（HUR）表示，科梅塔模块的抗干扰能力取决于其贴片天线的数量和排列、阵列上的接收元件，以及其处理芯片用于将卫星信号与干扰分离的算法。
A Kometa module’s resistance to jamming depends on the number and arrangement of its patch antennas, the receiving elements on the array, and on the algorithm its processing chip uses to separate the satellite signal from interference, HUR said.
国防领导人表示，携带升级天线的无人机仍可能被同时干扰更多卫星频段，或通过联网设备向无人机提供虚假坐标而被击落。
Drones carrying the upgraded antennas can still be taken out by jamming more satellite bands at once or by networking devices to feed drones false coordinates, defense leaders say.
乌克兰“夜巡”部队指挥官、代号“阿尔希米克”表示，他在七月对《Militarnyi》说，他购买了一个从一架坠毁并在二级市场上出售的“沙赫德”无人机上取下的32元件天线。
The commander of Ukraine’s Night Watch unit, who goes by the call sign Alkhimik, bought a 32-element antenna taken from a Shahed, “that had crashed and was being sold on the secondary market,” he told Militarnyi in July.
他说，他发现该设备只是将覆盖不同卫星导航频段的两个16元件阵列组合在一起，这给了他如何应对它的启发。
He discovered that the device was simply two 16-element arrays covering different satellite-navigation bands put together, he said, giving him inspiration on how to counter it.
“通过创建两个系统——一个在L1频段运行，另一个覆盖L2/L5频段——我们将能够毫无问题地干扰这种天线，”阿尔希米克说。
“By creating two systems — one operating in the L1 band and the other covering L2/L5 — we’ll be able to jam this antenna without any problems,” Alkhimik said.
乌克兰飞行集团（Fly Group Ukraine）也表示，欺骗技术有效。该国防公司的发展主管阿纳托利·赫拉普钦斯基在九月接受路透社采访时表示，该公司将多个设备联网，向无人机提供虚假坐标。
Spoofing works, too, according to Fly Group Ukraine. It links multiple devices into a network to feed a drone false coordinates, Anatoliy Khrapchynskyi, the defense company’s director of development, told Reuters in September.
“无人机仍然认为自己正在飞向目标，但其自动驾驶仪依赖虚假坐标，会逐渐自行改变航向，将飞行器从城市引导至安全区域，”他说。
“The drone continues to think it is flying toward its target, but its own autopilot, relying on the false coordinates, gradually changes course on its own and steers the craft away from cities into safe areas,” he said.
乌克兰军事情报总局表示，俄罗斯国防公司今年已订购超过10万个各种配置的科梅塔模块，用于制导巡航导弹和弹道导弹、攻击无人机以及制导炸弹，这反映了对该技术的需求。
Russian defense firms have ordered more than 100,000 Kometa modules in various configurations this year to guide cruise and ballistic missiles, strike drones and guided bombs, HUR said, a measure of demand for the technology.