Indian farmer Amarsingh Gushinge wants to sow wheat and chickpeas in coming weeks to capitalise on attractive prices, but dwindling water supplies after below-average monsoon rains are preventing him from planting either crop.

Like Gushinge, millions of farmers, especially in southern and western India, are facing water shortages as they prepare to plant winter crops.

"There's not enough moisture in the soil to sow the next crop, and no money left to do so either," said Gushinge, 78, at Rajewadi village, about 400 km (250 miles) east of Mumbai. The Jalna district around his village has received about 48% less rain than average this year, the local weather office has said.

A weak monsoon mean farmers will have to sow winter crops under less favourable conditions, raising the risk of stunted growth and lower yields.

Lower crop yields could further stoke food inflation, with prices of sugar, pulses, wheat and rice already climbing amid a severe El Niño. Onions, ubiquitous in Indian kitchens and widely used in curries, as well as milk and poultry products, are also becoming more expensive.

A spike in prices of staples can anger millions of Indians - increases in onion prices have ousted state governments in elections in the past.

Higher food prices could further weaken discretionary consumption across the economy, with the weakest monsoon rains in more than a decade already dampening rural demand and dragging down sales of tractors and farm equipment.

Food inflation could reach around 10% in the October-December quarter, said Devendra Pant, chief economist at India Ratings and Research, citing a combination of weak rains, higher global prices and rupee depreciation.

In September, annual retail food inflation accelerated to 7.74%, pushing headline inflation to 5.54%, close to the Reserve Bank of India's upper tolerance limit of 6%.

Higher food prices will likely prompt the central bank to raise interest rates by a further 50-75 basis points, as it risks feeding into broader price pressures, Pant said.

He said he expects the central bank to raise rates for a second consecutive time at its December meeting, after its first hike in October.

Protein has been a key driver of price increases and could prove difficult to bring down, economists said.

The central bank's September Monetary Policy Report said animal protein and spices accounted for nearly half of the 200-basis point rise in food inflation between March and August, driven by higher feed and fodder, transport, packaging and energy costs, as well as bird mortality after a heat wave.

In September, meat inflation eased to 8.7% from 12.0% in August, largely due to a high base, while inflation in milk, other dairy products and eggs rose to 5.1% from 4.8%.

Animal feed, mainly corn and soybean, accounts for 60%-70% of poultry production costs, said Uday Singh Bayas, president of poultry equipment makers' body IPEMA-Poultry India.

Poultry producers have yet to fully pass on higher feed costs, and broiler prices could rise from January as higher costs and tighter supplies put further pressure on the market, said Uddhav Ahire, chairman of the Anand Agro Group.

Pulses, poultry and dairy are key sources of protein in India. Prolonged protein inflation could hurt lower-income households and force them to alter their diets, with implications for long-term health, said Madan Sabnavis, chief economist at Bank of Baroda.

Sugar output is likely to fall short of domestic consumption for a second consecutive year and may recover only in late 2028 if rains are favourable in 2027, said Rahil Shaikh, managing director of Mumbai-based trader MEIR Commodities India.

Sugar prices have risen nearly 30% over the past year, prompting the government to allow duty-free imports of 1 million metric tons to help bridge a shortfall, with consumption exceeding 29 million tons this year against output of less than 27.5 million tons.

But global prices are higher than domestic rates, limiting the impact of imports and making a return to last year's price levels unlikely, Shaikh said.

While India can turn to imports of sugar, vegetable oils and pulses to offset domestic production shortfalls, higher global prices, a weaker rupee and rising freight costs are making overseas supplies more expensive.

El Niño is also affecting farm production in other countries, while the Russia-Ukraine war has hit grain and sunflower oil supplies from the Black Sea region.

These factors are pushing up prices of vegetable oils, said Sandeep Bajoria, chief executive of Mumbai-based brokerage Sunvin Group.

India holds surplus stocks of rice and wheat, but prices continue to rise as supplies of the premium quality grain preferred by consumers remain tight.

Preferences vary across states, and dry weather has cut supplies of rice varieties favoured in southern India, pushing up prices, said B.V. Krishna Rao, president of the Rice Exporters Association.

Wheat, India's main winter crop, has climbed to a nearly two-year high amid concerns that El Niño could bring warmer winter conditions and curb production early next year.

Food inflation will depend partly on how the winter crop season unfolds, with poor soil moisture and the risk of warmer temperatures threatening to further squeeze supplies.

"Amidst elevated crude oil prices, higher food inflation and an uncertain outlook for the kharif (winter) crop, sustaining economic activity while safeguarding price stability will be the focus of policymakers in the second half of the financial year," the government said in its monthly economic report for October.