BBC调查发现证据表明，苏丹准军事武装在达尔富尔地区首府法希尔（el-Fasher）长达一年的围困及随后的攻占过程中，系统性地摧毁了该市的医疗体系。
A BBC investigation has found evidence that Sudanese paramilitary fighters systematically destroyed el-Fasher's healthcare system during their long siege and subsequent takeover of the city in Darfur a year ago.
联合国人权事务高级专员福尔克·蒂尔克（Volker Türk）称这些调查结果“令人深感不安”，并表示快速支援部队（RSF）对包括医疗设施在内的民用基础设施发动的多次袭击，严重违反了国际人道法，可能构成战争罪行。快速支援部队否认了BBC的调查结果。
UN human rights chief Volker Türk called the findings "deeply disturbing", saying multiple attacks by the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) on civilian infrastructure, including health facilities, were serious violations of international humanitarian law and may amount to war crimes. The RSF has rejected the BBC's findings.
该准军事组织的卫生部长将这些指控斥为宣传，并称这是国家军队及其盟友蓄意抹黑快速支援部队声誉的企图。
The paramilitary group's health minister described the allegations as propaganda and a deliberate attempt by the national army and its allies to smear the RSF's reputation.
BBC利用身处法希尔一线的消息来源，查明了从2024年5月至2025年10月期间，针对医院和医疗场所的至少43起单独袭击事件——其中一些地点遭到多次袭击。
Using sources who were on the ground in el-Fasher, the BBC has found details of at least 43 separate attacks on hospitals and healthcare sites from May 2024 to October 2025 - some hit multiple times.
根据国际法，在冲突期间攻击医疗设施或其工作人员属于非法行为。
Under international law it is illegal to attack health facilities or their staff during conflict.
调查还揭示了这座西部城市医护人员所遭受的损失。BBC的数据显示，从2023年4月至2025年10月期间，共有120名医护人员受伤、55人遇难、10人被强迫“失踪”或绑架。
The investigation also reveals the toll on medical workers in the western city. In the period from April 2023 to October 2025, the BBC's data shows 120 were injured, 55 killed and 10 forcibly "disappeared" or abducted.
“快速支援部队试图疏散医院，使其瘫痪，因为医疗体系是任何城市或任何国家的基石，”在围困期间身处法希尔的外科医生穆罕默德·苏利曼（Dr Muhamed Suliman）对BBC表示。
"The RSF [were] trying to evacuate the hospitals, to put them out of service because the health system is the cornerstone of any city or any state," says Dr Muhamed Suliman, a surgeon who was based in el-Fasher during the siege and spoke to the BBC.
“快速支援部队开始袭击这些区域，导致市民无法继续留在那里。袭击非常猛烈、蓄意且有预谋。” 此次调查正值法希尔陷落一年之际。这场于2023年4月在快速支援部队与苏丹军队之间爆发的内战，法希尔的陷落是其中最残酷的篇章之一。双方均被指控袭击医疗设施。
"The RSF started hitting these areas so citizens have no longer any way to stay there. It was intense. It was deliberate. It was planned." The investigation comes a year after the fall of el-Fasher, one of the most brutal chapters of the civil war which erupted in April 2023 between the RSF and Sudan's military. Both sides have been accused of attacks on health facilities.
2026年3月，世界卫生组织（WHO）谴责了对快速支援部队（RSF）控制的东达尔富尔州代因医院的轰炸，该袭击造成数十人死亡并迫使该医院关闭。据信是苏丹军方实施了无人机袭击，尽管其否认了责任。
In March 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) condemned the bombing of al-Daein hospital in RSF-held eastern Darfur, which killed dozens and forced the site to close. Sudan's military is believed to have carried out the drone strikes, although it has denied responsibility.
但世卫组织在回应英国广播公司（BBC）询问时表示，法希尔发生的事件代表了“冲突对苏丹医疗卫生造成的更广泛影响中最清晰、最严重的例子之一”。
But events in el-Fasher represent "one of the clearest and most severe examples of the wider impact of the conflict on health care in Sudan," the WHO said in response to a BBC query.
联合国调查人员报告称，法希尔的战斗带有“种族灭绝的特征”，历史上的种族仇恨导致阿拉伯民兵——如今是快速支援部队的中坚力量——针对居住在该城市的非阿拉伯群体。
UN investigators have reported that the fighting in el-Fasher bore the "hallmarks of genocide", where historical ethnic animosities have seen Arab militias - now the backbone of RSF forces - target non-Arab groups such as those that populate the city.
BBC的调查首次揭示了在该城市长期围困期间针对医疗设施袭击的详细时间线。
The BBC's investigation reveals for the first time a detailed chronology of attacks on healthcare during the long siege of the city.
苏丹内战于2023年4月爆发后几周内，法希尔的一些医疗设施便已关闭。
Some medical facilities in el-Fasher closed down within weeks of the country's civil war starting in April 2023.
至关重要的是，这其中包括位于城市中心冲突区的主要医院之一——教学医院。
Crucially this included one of the main hospitals - the Teaching Hospital - located in a conflict zone in the middle of the city.
其业务转移到了法希尔南部医院。在那里医疗服务得以继续，尽管日益受到停电和物资减少的阻碍。一年后，当快速支援部队对法希尔实施围困时，局势发生了剧变。
Its operations were moved to el-Fasher's South Hospital. There medical services continued, although increasingly hindered by power cuts and dwindling supplies. The situation changed dramatically a year later, when the RSF mounted its siege of el-Fasher.
2024年5月下旬至6月初，随着准军事武装战士从城市东部的阵地推进，南部医院多次遭到炮击。苏莱曼医生说，第一次轰炸让人震惊。
In late May and early June of 2024, the South Hospital was shelled several times as paramilitary fighters pushed forward from their positions in the east of the city. The first bombing came as a shock, says Dr Suliman.
他说，被击中的医院周边地区“非常拥挤，因为它是全市唯一提供外科手术服务的运作中的医院”。他补充说，当天医务人员为16名伤员实施了手术。
The area around the hospital that was hit was "very crowded because it was the only working hospital in the city providing surgical services", he says. On that day medical staff operated on 16 injured patients, he added.
袭击在6月8日RSF的一次突袭中达到高潮。制药专家穆斯塔法·艾哈迈德医生说，医院工作人员措手不及——当RSF武装分子进入大楼时，他们中的许多人翻过后墙逃跑了。
The attacks culminated in an RSF raid on 8 June. Hospital staff were taken by surprise - many of them escaped over the back wall as the RSF fighters entered the building, says Dr Mustafa Ahmed, a pharmaceutical specialist.
但医院总干事、外科医生伊泽尔丁·艾哈迈德·达乌德·阿索在办公室外遇到了一群准军事人员。他说，他们不知道他是一名医生，却用种族歧视性语言辱骂他。
But the director general of the hospital, surgeon Izzeldin Ahmed Dawaud Asow, encountered a group of the paramilitaries outside his office. They did not know he was a doctor, he said, but denounced him with ethnic slurs.
“这里没有公民。你们是法兰吉，”他们说，用一个贬义词暗示非阿拉伯苏丹人是外国人。
"There are no citizens here. You are Falangi," they said, using a derogatory term implying that non-Arab Sudanese are foreigners.
阿索医生说，他被枪托殴打，一度失去知觉。最终，他通过装死保住了性命。
Dr Asow says he was beaten with rifle butts and lost consciousness at one point. Ultimately, he saved himself by pretending to be dead.
“他们把手放在我的胸口上，我就停止呼吸。他们说：‘别管他了，别管他了。垃圾死了。别管他了。’他们就离开了我。”他说，同一天，RSF被苏丹军方及其盟友赶走，阿索医生返回时发现几具患者尸体，以及他手术室里的手术设备被彻底毁坏。医院关闭，后来在军队撤退后落入RSF手中。
"They put their hand on my chest, and I stopped breathing. And they said: 'Leave him, leave him. The rubbish has died. Leave him.' They left me." That same day the RSF was driven out by the Sudanese military and its allies and Dr Asow returned to find the bodies of several patients and the surgical equipment in his operating room thoroughly destroyed, he said. The hospital closed and later fell into RSF hands when the army retreated.
已加入RSF支持的文职政府担任卫生部长的著名苏丹外科医生阿拉·埃尔丁·努古德坚称，南方医院被用作军事基地。
Dr Alaa Eldin Nugud, a prominent Sudanese surgeon who has joined the RSF-backed civilian government as health minister, insisted the South Hospital was being used as a military base.
根据国际法，如果医院被冲突一方用于实施“损害敌方的行为”，可能会失去保护。
According to international law, hospitals can lose their protection if they are used by a party to the conflict to commit an "act harmful to the enemy".
在接受BBC采访时，努古德医生宣称导弹发射器架设在医院院内，并分享了一段视频，显示医院关闭一年多后拍摄的武器残骸，他说这支持了他的说法。
In an interview with the BBC, Dr Nugud declared that missile launchers were set up on the grounds and shared a video showing remains of weapons filmed more than a year after the hospital closed, which he said supported his claim.
他还向我们展示了他所谓的地雷分布图，显示教学医院周围埋设了地雷，该医院位于苏丹军方总部旁边。
He also showed us what he called maps of landmines planted around the Teaching Hospital, which is located next to Sudanese military headquarters.
医生告诉我们，该医院并未被纳入基地范围，并称他们在战争期间曾前往那里取回医疗设备。
Doctors told us the hospital was not incorporated into the base and said they visited it to pick up medical equipment during the war.
英国广播公司（BBC）未发现努古德医生指控的独立证据。达尔富尔地区政府断然否认了这些指控。
The BBC has found no independent evidence of Dr Nugud's allegations. And the government of the Darfur region categorically rejected the charges.
南方医院关闭后，其工作人员和剩余设备被转移至城市西部的沙特产科医院，那里是军队的主要基地所在。
After the South Hospital shut, its staff and remaining equipment were moved to the Saudi Maternity Hospital in the west of the city, where the army had its main bases.
几天内，针对该设施的袭击频率加快。此时，医疗慈善组织“无国界医生”（MSF）发出警报。
Within days the pace of attacks on the facility picked up. At this stage the medical charity Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) sounded the alarm.
该组织在一份声明中说：“我们不知道医院是否被蓄意攻击，但……交战方没有采取任何预防措施来保护它们。”
"We do not know if hospitals are being intentionally targeted, but… the belligerents are not taking any precautions to spare them," it said in a statement.
然而，在我们的调查过程中，我们采访了六名医生，他们描述了一种系统性攻击的模式。
However, in the course of our investigation we spoke to six doctors who described a pattern of systematic targeting.
他们告诉我们，沙特医院遭到反复袭击——有些日子多达25次，袭击手段包括炮击和无人机，后者被描述为具有精确制导能力的“智能火箭”。
They told us how Saudi Hospital was repeatedly struck - on some days up to 25 times, with a mix of shelling and drones, the latter "intelligent rockets" with precision-guided attacks.
较小的医疗设施也遭到炮火袭击。BBC的时间线记录了私立医院和社区诊所持续关闭的情况。此外，当其中一些医疗建筑变更地点后，备用场所也遭到袭击。
Smaller medical facilities also came under fire. The BBC's timeline records the steady closure of private hospitals and neighbourhood clinics. Furthermore, when some of these healthcare buildings shifted locations, the alternate venues were also attacked.
专科儿童医院在战争初期与教学医院一同关闭，随后搬迁至两个其他地点，这两个地点随后均遭炮击并被迫关闭。同样，主要透析中心遭到袭击，在搬迁后又再次遭到攻击。
The Specialised Children's Hospital, which shut down at the beginning of the war along with the Teaching Hospital, moved to two other locations, both of which were then shelled and forced to close. Similarly, the main dialysis centre was struck and then attacked again after it relocated.
到2025年10月快速支援部队（RSF）攻占该城市时，沙特医院是唯一仍在运作的医疗机构。那里的医务人员团结一致，试图在条件恶化的情况下坚持工作。医生们描述了如何用沙袋构筑防御工事来保护建筑。
By the time the RSF seized the city in October 2025, the Saudi Hospital was the only functioning health facility left. The medical staff there had rallied to try to keep working as conditions worsened. Doctors described how sandbags were set up to protect the building.
他们用钢制集装箱建造地下掩体，并设立了多处备用场所用于收治病人和实施手术，因为袭击威胁与主体建筑受损程度持续加剧。阿索医生表示，这处临时手术室在2025年遭到五次袭击。
They built underground bunkers out of steel containers and established a number of alternative sites to house and receive patients and conduct surgery as the threat of attacks and the damage to the main structure steadily increased. Dr Asow said this makeshift surgery was attacked five times in 2025.
他说，在其中一次袭击中，他正在为一名病人做颈部手术，建筑因爆炸而剧烈摇晃，医护人员惊恐地跑了出去，但他留了下来。
In one case, he says, he was operating on a patient's neck when the building was shaken by an explosion - the medical staff ran out in fear, but he stayed.
另一次，医护人员已为手术准备好手术室，但他因病例不断、需要彻底消毒，让他们把病人转移到别处。不久后该房间被炮弹摧毁，病人却幸存了下来。
In another case, health workers had prepared the theatre for an operation, but he told them to move the patient elsewhere because it needed a deep clean given the relentless case load. Shortly afterward the room was destroyed by shells - and the patient survived.
“从那天起，我的部分员工叫我‘彻底消毒先生’，因为他们认为是彻底消毒这件事救了那名病人，”他说。阿索医生还描述了无人机如何跟踪病人的移动。
"From that day, some of my staff called me 'Mr Deep Cleaning' because they think that the issue of deep cleaning saved that patient," he said. Dr Asow also describes how drones tracked the movement of patients.
他说，2025年3月15日，人们将伤者从袭击现场抬送至一处临时病房时，被一架猎杀无人机跟踪。无人机在他们到达大楼大门时发动袭击，造成九人死亡。
On 15 March 2025, people carrying the injured from the site of an attack to one of the temporary wards were followed by a hunting drone, he says. It struck as they reached the gate of the building, killing nine people.
阿索医生告诉BBC，同年8月17日，一辆驴车正在将病人送往备用手术室，因为所有救护车都已被毁。他说，驴车遭无人机袭击，造成两名病人、车夫和驴死亡。
On 17 August of the same year a donkey cart was transferring patients to the alternative operating theatre because all the ambulances had been destroyed, Dr Asow told the BBC. It was hit by a drone, killing two patients, the driver and the donkey, he says.
快速支援部队卫生部长将这些描述斥为武装部队（SAF）及其当地盟友“联合部队”延续的“谎言”。
The RSF health minister dismissed these accounts as "a continuation of lies" by the military (SAF) and their local allies, known as the Joint Forces.
“甚至连医护人员，以及许多当时在场的人，都因为这场冲突、这些部落问题、这些种族问题，而与联合部队和武装部队结盟。这就是为什么你们不能依赖那种叙述，”他说。
"Even the medics, and many of the people who were there, because of this conflict, these tribal issues, these racial issues, they are allied with the Joint Forces and with the SAF. That's why you don't depend on that narrative," he said.
医生们告诉BBC，他们相信快速支援部队战士蓄意袭击医疗设施，因为其中收治的病人里有军队或盟军战士。
Doctors told the BBC they believed RSF fighters deliberately targeted medical facilities because army or allied fighters were among their patients.
炮击和轰炸的猛烈攻势于2025年10月25日达到高潮，当时快速支援部队（RSF）冲进医院，有指控称一场屠杀造成了460多名患者及其陪同人员死亡。快速支援部队否认发生了屠杀，尽管世卫组织谴责了据报导的杀戮，卫星图像似乎显示医院血迹斑斑的院内有尸体堆积。
The onslaught of shelling and bombing culminated on 25 October 2025 with the RSF storming the hospital amid allegations of a massacre that killed more than 460 patients and their companions The RSF has denied a massacre occurred, although the WHO condemned the reported killings and satellite imagery appeared to show clusters of bodies on the blood-soaked grounds of the hospital.
英国广播公司将其调查细节分享给了联合国人权事务高级专员，后者表示，我们的调查结果“深感不安”，并与其办公室的分析一致。
The BBC shared details of its investigation with the UN human rights chief, who said our findings were "deeply disturbing", and consistent with the analysis of his office.
“我们的监测和记录显示，快速支援部队反复袭击法希尔的主要医院和临时医疗设施，将其摧毁或严重损毁，严重影响了数千名被困在该市的平民获得医疗服务的途径，”图尔克说。
"Our monitoring and documentation shows the RSF repeatedly struck el-Fasher's main hospitals and makeshift health facilities, destroying or seriously damaging them and severely impacting access to health services for thousands of civilians trapped in the city," Türk said.
法希尔的医疗工作现在由快速支援部队支持的政府运营。该政府发布了几段视频，显示沙特医院和教学医院已重新开放、清理干净，并接诊了一些患者。
Healthcare in el-Fasher is now being run by the RSF-backed government. It has released several videos showing the Saudi Hospital and the Teaching Hospital re-opened, cleaned up and seeing some patients.
努古德博士表示，南医院也计划重新开放。他否认医生被强行绑架，告诉英国广播公司，他们是选择留下来工作。
Dr Nugud says South Hospital is also set to reopen. He denied that doctors were forcibly abducted, telling the BBC that instead they had chosen to stay on to work.
“我手头有一段在儿童医院前的视频，当时我们释放了一名顾问、一名医生和六名与苏丹武装部队合作的医务人员，然后当法希尔解放后，对他们所有人都实行了大赦。“我们释放了他们，”他说。
"I have a video in front of the children's hospital when we freed a consultant, a doctor and six of the medical staff who were working with the SAF, and then when el-Fasher got liberated, there was a forgiveness for all of them.
英国广播公司采访了视频中的一名医生，哈吉·穆罕默德·艾哈迈德博士。他告诉我们，他别无选择：“我被迫待在那里。
"We liberated them," he said. The BBC spoke to one of the doctors in the video, Dr Al-Haj Mohamed Ahmed. He told us he had no choice: "I was forced to be there.
“如果我说错话，他们就会在我头上开一枪。”他和穆斯塔法·艾哈迈德博士等几名医务人员在试图逃离该市时被捕，随后被送回。
"If I spoke out of line, they'd put a bullet through my head." He was among several medical workers captured while trying to escape the city and sent back, along with Dr Mustafa Ahmed.
他们因在儿童医院临时监狱中控制住一场霍乱疫情而脱颖而出，随后被带到沙特医院。
They distinguished themselves by bringing a cholera epidemic in a temporary prison at the paediatric hospital under control and were subsequently taken to Saudi Hospital.
“他们开始说你们是这座城市的人，我们占领了这座城市，所以我们需要为了这座城市共同努力，”穆斯塔法·艾哈迈德医生说，他描述了在监狱里连续几个早晨醒来，发现50名囚犯死于霍乱。法谢尔陷落一年后，苏丹内战这一黑暗时期的创伤依然痛彻心扉。
"They started to say that you are the people of the city, and we take the city, so we need to work together for the sake of the city," says Dr Mustafa Ahmed, who describes waking up several mornings in a row at the prison to find 50 inmates dead of cholera. A year on from the fall of el-Fasher, the trauma of this dark period in Sudan's civil war is still painfully sharp.
前线已转移至别处，冲突没有任何解决迹象。针对医疗设施的袭击仍在继续，这是更广泛、更毁灭性的人道主义危机的一部分。
The front lines have shifted elsewhere with no signs of a resolution to the conflict. And attacks on healthcare continue as part of a wider and devastating humanitarian crisis.
地图和图表由米格尔·罗卡-特里、杰克·弗伦德和马特·米切尔-坎普制作。前往 了解更多非洲大陆新闻。
Maps and graphics by Miguel Roca-Terry, Jake Friend and Matt Mitchell-Camp Go to for more news from the African continent.