安东·L·德尔加多、西比·阿拉苏、苏珊·弗雷泽 土耳其安塔利亚——在土耳其举行的联合国气候谈判聚焦于扩大电力供应和摆脱化石燃料之际，已有五国支持一项计划，力争到2030年将全球拥有屋顶太阳能板的家庭数量翻一番。
ANTON L. DELGADO, SIBI ARASU, SUZAN FRASER ANTALYA, Turkey — Five countries have backed a plan to double the number of homes with rooftop solar panels worldwide by 2030, as U.N. climate talks in Turkey focus on expanding access to electricity and transitioning away from fossil fuels .
这项新的《全球屋顶太阳能宣言》于周二发布，正值今年气候谈判（即COP31）的第二天。其目标是将拥有屋顶太阳能板的家庭数量从目前的约1.5亿户翻一番，到2030年至少达到3亿户。
The new Global Rooftop Solar Declaration launched Tuesday on the second day of this year’s climate talks, known as COP31 . The aim is to double the number of homes with rooftop solar panels from about 150 million today to at least 300 million by 2030.
“这是可负担能源的未来，”全球太阳能理事会首席执行官索尼娅·邓洛普说。“这是我们可以帮助普通劳动者抵御未来价格上涨的方式。”COP31召开之前，全球经历了一年与气候相关的致命灾害，同时人们越来越担心各国政府在遏制全球变暖方面做得不够。近期俄罗斯-乌克兰战争和伊朗战争引发的能源冲击也增加了人们对可再生能源的兴趣。
“This is the future of affordable energy,” said Sonia Dunlop, CEO of the Global Solar Council. “This is the way we can help average working people insure themselves from future price rises to come.”COP31 comes after a year of deadly climate-related disasters and as concern grows that governments are not doing enough to curb global warming . Recent energy shocks from the Russia-Ukraine war and Iran war have also increased interest in renewables .
联合国气候谈判过去曾因作出后来落空的承诺而受到批评。专家表示，要让屋顶太阳能目标真正对导致气候变化的排放产生影响，升级电网以及补贴太阳能板和电池的政策必须迅速跟进。
The U.N. climate talks have been criticized in the past for making promises that later fall flat . For rooftop solar goals to actually make a dent in the emissions contributing to climate change , experts said policies to upgrade power grids and subsidize solar panels and batteries must quickly follow.
“承诺就是承诺，”全球可再生能源联盟首席执行官布鲁斯·道格拉斯说。“我们现在需要看到国家政策和框架落实到位。”孟加拉国、肯尼亚、尼日利亚和瓦努阿图与澳大利亚一道，在土耳其度假小镇安塔利亚支持了这项屋顶太阳能宣言。COP31由土耳其和澳大利亚共同主办。
“The pledge is a pledge,” said Bruce Douglas, CEO of the Global Renewables Alliance. “We now need to see national policies and frameworks in place.”Bangladesh, Kenya, Nigeria and Vanuatu joined Australia by endorsing the rooftop solar declaration in the Turkish resort town of Antalya, where COP31 is being co-hosted by Turkey and Australia .
另有21个国家的议员——包括英国、南非和斯里兰卡——也已表示支持。印度尼西亚国有电力公司国家电力公司也同样支持。
Lawmakers from 21 other countries — including the United Kingdom, South Africa and Sri Lanka — have also endorsed it. So has Indonesia’s state-owned electric power company Perusahaan Listrik Negara.
与联合国气候谈判中达成的许多协议一样，这项宣言是自愿性的，不具约束力。
The declaration is voluntary and non-binding, like many of the agreements made at U.N. climate talks.
“我们知道世界目前正面临有史以来最严重的能源生活成本危机，”邓洛普说。“我们知道世界各地的家庭都在为支付账单而苦苦挣扎，而我们通过‘全球屋顶太阳能宣言’要传达的是，我们有一个能降低你们账单的解决方案。”电气化是今年会谈的基石之一，土耳其推动电力——最好来自太阳能和风能等可再生能源——到2035年占全球能源消费的35%。
“We know the world is currently facing the greatest energy cost of living crisis the world has ever seen,” Dunlop said. “We know that families all over the world are struggling to pay their bills and what we are saying with the Global Rooftop Solar Declaration is that we have a solution that will bring down your bills.”Electrification is a cornerstone of this year’s talks, with Turkey pushing for electricity — preferably from renewables like solar and wind — to make up 35% of global energy consumption by 2035.
“电气化本身因效率提升而极具益处。可再生能源本身也极具益处。将两者结合起来，真的是一种‘杀手级组合’，”道格拉斯说。
“Electrification by itself is incredibly beneficial because of the efficiency gains. Renewables by themselves, again, very beneficial. Put the two together and it is really a killer combination,” Douglas said.
土耳其的电气化承诺和澳大利亚的屋顶太阳能宣言，将聚光灯打在了这两个国家的能源结构上，它们仍严重依赖化石燃料。
Turkey’s electrification pledge and Australia’s rooftop solar declaration put a spotlight on the energy mix of both nations, which still rely heavily on fossil fuels.
在土耳其，拥有欧洲最大太阳能农场之一的国家，太阳能和风能占能源发电量的近23%。但根据土耳其能源和自然资源部的数据，煤炭去年仍是该国最大的电力来源，占发电量的33%。
In Turkey, home to one of Europe’s largest solar farms, solar and wind make up nearly 23% of energy generation. But coal was still the country’s largest source of electricity last year, accounting for 33% of generation, according to Turkey’s Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources.
在澳大利亚，三分之一的家庭安装了屋顶太阳能，超过70万户家庭拥有电池来储存多余能源。但煤炭仍占澳大利亚发电量的40%以上，澳大利亚也是世界最大的煤炭出口国之一。
In Australia, one in three homes has rooftop solar and more than 700,000 homes have batteries to store excess energy. But coal still makes up more than 40% of electricity generation in Australia, which is also one of the world’s largest coal exporters.
“在不解决电网容量、储能以及煤炭持续作用的情况下设定雄心勃勃的可再生能源目标，有损能源安全、可靠性和可负担性，”未来煤炭组织的米歇尔·马努克说，该组织是一个由行业支持的团体，前身为世界煤炭协会。
“Setting ambitious renewable targets without addressing grid capacity, storage and the continued role of coal risks undermining energy security, reliability and affordability,” said Michelle Manook of FutureCoal, an industry-backed group formerly known as the World Coal Association.
可再生能源的推广与持续使用煤炭之间的矛盾，在世界上人口最多的两个国家——中国和印度——身上同样有所体现。两国都安装了创纪录数量的可再生能源设施，但有时却因为输电和储能能力不足而损失掉这些能源。
The tension between renewable rollouts and continued coal use is mirrored in the world’s most populous countries , China and India. They have both installed record-breaking amounts of renewables, but sometimes lose the energy because of insufficient transmission and storage capacity.
加州大学伯克利分校印度能源与气候中心的尼基特·阿比扬卡尔表示：“储能部署必须跟上可再生能源部署的速度。”
“Energy storage deployment must catch up with the speed of renewables deployment,” said Nikit Abhyankar, with the India Energy and Climate Center at the University of California, Berkeley.
他说：“否则，这会给电网带来巨大的运行挑战，导致大量弃电。”他所说的弃电，是指因电网无法消纳而限制发电量的做法。
“Otherwise, it creates massive operational challenges for the grid, resulting in significant curtailment,” he said, referring to the practice of limiting electricity output because the grid cannot handle it.
屋顶太阳能电池板往往脱离电网独立运行，这意味着电力在消费地附近产生、储存和管理，而不是来自远处的发电厂。
Rooftop solar panels are often decentralized from power grids, meaning that electricity is generated, stored and managed near where it is consumed, rather than coming from distant power plants.
这使得太阳能在偏远社区和受灾严重地区非常理想，例如难民营和灾区。
This makes solar ideal for remote communities and hard-hit areas, like refugee camps and disaster zones.
去年，主要受中国和印度太阳能驱动的可再生能源发电量占全球电力的三分之一以上，首次超过煤炭。
Renewables, largely driven by solar from China and India, generated more than a third of the world’s electricity last year, overtaking coal for the first time .
伊朗战争引发的能源冲击也激发了能源需求旺盛地区对太阳能的兴趣，例如东南亚。霍尔木兹海峡的关闭使该地区受到严重冲击，并陷入能源配给状态。
The Iran war’s energy shock has also spurred solar interest in energy-hungry regions, like Southeast Asia, which was hit hard by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz and sent into a state of energy triage .
印度尼西亚承诺到2029年安装100吉瓦的太阳能发电装机。泰国和越南正在为屋顶太阳能安装提供补贴，菲律宾则在2026年第一季度成为中国太阳能出口的第二大目的地。
Indonesia pledged to install 100 gigawatts of solar power by 2029. Thailand and Vietnam are offering subsidies for rooftop solar installations, and the Philippines became the second-largest destination for Chinese solar exports in the first quarter of 2026.
菲律宾非营利组织“新能源 nexus”的谢丽尔·埃斯特拉表示，各国政策必须迅速跟进COP31上的承诺，解决消费者补贴的资金来源、为太阳能企业制定更清晰的政策以及合格安装人员的可获得性等问题。
National policies must swiftly follow the COP31 promises to address issues like the funding of subsidies for consumers, clearer policies for solar companies and the availability of qualified installers, according to Sheryl Estella, with the nonprofit New Energy Nexus in the Philippines.
“这是一个我们不应浪费的机会，”她说。“这是我们迄今所见对屋顶太阳能最大的一波兴趣。”德尔加多从曼谷报道，阿拉苏从印度班加罗尔报道。
“This is an opportunity that we should not waste,” she said. “This is the biggest wave of interest in rooftop solar that we have seen so far.”Delgado reported from Bangkok and Arasu from Bengaluru, India.