COP31主席穆拉特·库鲁姆在土耳其主持的联合国气候峰会开幕式上，敦促各国承诺发展清洁公共交通、节能建筑和负担得起的电力。维多利亚·米尔科 清洁公共交通。节能建筑。负担得起的能源。
COP31 President Murat Kurum opened the U.N. climate summit in Turkey by urging countries to pledge clean public transport, energy-efficient buildings and affordable power. VICTORIA MILKO Clean public transport. Energy-efficient buildings. Affordable energy.
联合国气候谈判（即COP31）主席要求全球领导人、代表和气候活动人士，就全球电气化计划作出上述部分承诺，该计划是在世界上最大的年度气候峰会上提出的。
Those are a few of the things the president of the U.N. climate talks — known as COP31 — asked global leaders, delegates and climate activists to pledge as part of the global electrification plan laid out during the world’s largest annual climate summit.
但环境和人权组织警告称，如果没有强有力的保障措施，为实现上述承诺所需的电力线路、电池、风力涡轮机和其他能源基础设施所需的矿产和金属开采热潮，可能会在全球范围内造成严重的环境和人权影响。
But environmental and human rights organizations caution that without strong safeguards, the mining boom for the minerals and metals needed to make the power lines, batteries, wind turbines and other energy infrastructure that can make the pledge a reality could have serious environmental and human rights impacts across the globe.
采矿活动已给全球各地的社区和栖息地带来代价：森林被砍伐，水源被污染，土著人民失去了土地使用权。人权组织敦促COP31官员关注如何公平地采购能源转型所需的材料。
Mining has come at a cost to communities and habitats around the globe: Forests have been felled water supplies poisoned and Indigenous peoples have lost access to land. Rights groups have urged COP31 officials to focus on how to fairly source the materials needed for the transition.
COP31设定雄心勃勃的电气化目标 土耳其宣布，电气化将是其与澳大利亚共同主持COP31期间的主要优先事项之一。“35-by-35”全球电气化承诺旨在到2035年将电力使用比例从21%提高到35%，以减少导致全球变暖的温室气体排放，最好是来自太阳能和风能等可再生能源。
COP31 sets ambitious electrification goal Turkey announced that electrification would be one of the main priorities during its copresidency of COP31 with Australia. The “35-by-35” global electrification pledge aims to increase the use of electricity from 21% to 35% by 2035 to reduce planet-warming greenhouse emissions, preferably from renewable energy such as solar and wind.
该承诺建立在之前联合国气候峰会的承诺基础上：在COP28上，各国同意致力于将可再生能源产能增加三倍，并逐步摆脱化石燃料。COP29关注能源存储、电网现代化和气候融资。COP31主席国表示，电气化是下一步合乎逻辑的举措，将早先的承诺转化为能源消费方式的改变。
The pledge builds on commitments made at previous U.N. climate summits: At COP28, countries agreed to work toward tripling renewable energy capacity and transitioning away from fossil fuels. COP29 focused on energy storage, grid modernization and climate finance The COP31 presidency said electrification is the next logical step, translating earlier pledges into changes in how energy is consumed.
“这一转型将可再生能源、强电网、储能容量、能源效率、清洁交通和绿色工业结合在一起。每一项都支持其他各项，”COP31主席穆拉特·库鲁姆表示，他同时也是土耳其环境部长。“我们希望人们在日常生活中感受到气候谈判的成果：在更省能源的建筑里、在清洁公共交通中、在负担得起的能源里、在新的就业岗位上。”环保活动人士指出，该承诺并未要求电力必须来自可再生能源，这意味着煤炭和其他化石燃料仍可能被使用。但随着各国试图摆脱化石燃料，预计可再生能源将发挥主要作用。
“This transition brings together renewable energy, strong grids, storage capacity, energy efficiency, clean transport and green industry. Each supports the others,” said COP31 President Murat Kurum, who is also Turkey’s environment minister. “We want people to feel the results of climate talks in daily life: in buildings that use less energy, in clean public transport, in energy they can afford and in new jobs.”Environmental activists note that the pledge does not require that electricity must come from renewable sources, meaning coal and other fossil fuels could be used. But as countries try to move away from fossil fuels, renewable energy is expected to play a major role.
专家警告采矿热潮 从印度尼西亚 巴西 对制造风力涡轮机、太阳能电池板、电动汽车电池、高速铁路以及可再生能源转型所需其他关键技术所需金属和矿产的需求激增，据国际能源署称，已持续一段时间。
Experts warn of a mining boom From Indonesia Brazil the boom in demand for the metals and minerals needed to create wind turbines, solar panels, electric vehicle batteries, high-speed railways and other technologies crucial for the renewable energy transition has been underway for some time, according to the International Energy Agency.
各国也在探索新途径，如深海采矿 以确保自身矿产供应，特别是随着伊朗战争推动清洁能源发展。“35×35”承诺预计将进一步推高需求。
Countries are also exploring new ways, like deep-sea mining secure their own mineral supplies, especially as the Iran war drives clean energy development. The 35-by-35 pledge is expected to push demand even higher.
商业与人权资源中心发布的数据显示，这些威胁正在上升。这家国际非营利组织记录了2025年与转型矿产开采相关的300多起人权指控，较上年增长73%。专家警告，采矿热潮可能导致侵权行为增加。
Data released by the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre shows those threats are on the rise. The international nonprofit recorded over 300 human rights allegations linked to transition mineral mining in 2025, up 73% from the previous year. And experts warn that a boom in mining would likely lead to an increase in abuses.
“如果在没有适当保护措施的情况下加大采矿力度，我认为我们大概率会看到这些问题也随之升级，”环境与人权组织“全球见证”政策与倡导负责人艾米丽·伊奥娜·斯图尔特表示。
“If mining is going to ramp up without proper protections in place, I think we can probably expect to see some of these problems ramp up as well,” said Emily Iona Stewart, the head of policy and advocacy at environmental and human rights group Global Witness.
环保人士呼吁设立防范滥用的护栏 环境和人权团体敦促各国政府加强关键材料供应链的保障措施。
Environmentalists call for guardrails against abuse Environmental and human rights groups are urging governments to strengthen safeguards across critical material supply chains.
在致COP31主席团的公开信中，120多个国际民间社会团体列出了他们希望为“35-by-35”目标达成的条件，包括保护生态系统、实施具有约束力的人权和环境尽职调查，以及保护原住民。
In an open letter to the COP31 presidencies, over 120 international civil society groups laid out conditions they want met for the 35-by-35 target, including protecting ecosystems, having binding human rights and environmental due diligence, and protecting Indigenous peoples.
信中指出：“能源转型不得重蹈化石燃料时代造成的危害，也不得用一种依赖取代另一种依赖。”
“The transition must not repeat the harms of the fossil fuel era or replace one dependency with another,” the letter stated.
专家表示，更好地回收已开采材料也是减少对采矿依赖的关键。国际能源署估计，如果回收利用成功扩大规模，到2050年可将对新采矿的需求降低25%至40%。
Experts said better recycling of already-mined materials is also key to reducing the reliance on mining. The IEA estimates that a successful scaleup of recycling could also lower the need for new mining by 25‑40% by 2050.
然而，根据国际能源署的说法，大多数国家没有废物管理计划或支持性法规来促进回收。
Yet, most countries don’t have waste management programs or supportive regulations that would enable recycling, according to the IEA.
权利专家还指出，COP31的官方谈判和主要议题并未包含关于关键矿产和采矿的明确措辞，这为采矿滥用的蔓延留下了空间。
Rights experts also point out that the official negotiations and main talking points of COP31 do not contain explicit language on critical minerals and mining, leaving the door open for mining abuses to spread.
“如果我们想对社区负责，为目前没有电力的社区带去电力是基本的人类需求和权利，”负责任采矿保障倡议组织执行董事艾米·布兰格说。“但我们不能通过在开采原材料的地方对其他社区造成固有伤害，来造福某些社区。”
“If we want to do good by communities, bringing electricity to communities who don’t have it right now is a basic human need and right,” said Aimee Boulanger, executive director of the Initiative for Responsible Mining Assurance. “But we can’t do good by some communities by doing inherent harm against others where the raw materials are extracted.”
COP31主席团——土耳其是正式东道主，澳大利亚主导谈判——未回应置评请求。米尔科在伊斯兰堡发回报道。
The COP31 presidencies — Turkey is the official host while Australia is leading the negotiations — did not respond to requests for comment. Milko reported from Islamabad.