土耳其伊基兹科伊11月8日电 —— 当地官员内伊拉·厄舍克（Nejla Isik）是生活在煤矿旁的村民之一，他们要求齐聚土耳其参加COP31气候大会的世界领导人离开会场，实地视察数十年来褐煤开采造成的满目疮痍。
IKIZKOY, Turkey, Nov 8 - Local official Nejla Isik is among the villagers living beside a coal mine who demand that world leaders gathering in Turkey for COP31 climate talks leave the conference venue to inspect the devastation decades of lignite extraction have caused.
从周一开始，向更清洁能源的过渡将是此次联合国气候变化大会的议题之一，会议将持续至11月20日，地点位于土耳其地中海沿岸的安塔利亚。
Beginning on Monday, the transition to cleaner energy will be among the themes at the UN conference that continues until November 20 in Antalya on Turkey’s Mediterranean coast.
作为其社区的民选官员，厄舍克表示，政府领导人和联合国官员需要向西走数百公里，来到土耳其西南部穆拉省阿克贝伦森林附近的伊基兹科伊，亲眼看看煤炭对自然和人们生活的影响。多年来一直抗议煤炭开采的村民们遭到了罚款和逮捕。
Isik, an elected official for her community, says the government leaders and UN officials need to head a few hundred kilometres west to Ikizkoy, near the Akbelen forest in Turkey’s southwestern Mugla province, and see for themselves the impact of coal on nature and on people’s lives. Villagers, who for years have protested against coal mining, have been fined and arrested.
“这些国家元首应该来这里。他们不应该去安塔利亚，而应该来阿克贝伦，来伊基兹科伊，”厄舍克说。她在伊基兹科伊的家距离一座褐煤矿只有几百米，该煤矿在几十年的扩张中越靠越近。褐煤是品位最低的煤炭，这意味着燃烧它比能量密度更高的煤炭释放出更多的二氧化碳。电气化，但会是绿色环保的吗？
"They should come here, those heads of state. They should come not to Antalya but to Akbelen, to Ikizkoy," said Isik. Her home in Ikizkoy is only a few hundred metres behind a lignite mine that has crept nearer over decades of expansion. Lignite is the lowest grade of coal, meaning burning it releases higher amounts of carbon dioxide than more energy-dense coal. ELECTRIFICATION, BUT WILL IT BE GREEN?
到目前为止，COP31的一个主要目标是就增加电气化达成一项自愿目标，该目标由主办国土耳其提出，但除非电力是低碳的，否则它将无法遏制导致地球变暖的排放。
So far one of the prominent aims of COP31 is to agree a voluntary goal on increasing electrification, proposed by host country Turkey, but unless the electricity is low-carbon it will not curb planet-warming emissions.
根据能源智库Ember的数据，去年煤炭是土耳其最大的电力来源，占该国发电量的34%，这使土耳其成为欧洲最大的燃煤发电国。据运营商网站显示，阿克贝伦地区的矿山为占土耳其发电量略高于2%的发电厂提供煤炭。
Last year, coal was Turkey’s largest electricity source, generating 34% of the country’s power, making Turkey Europe’s biggest coal-fired electricity generator, according to energy think tank Ember. The mines in the Akbelen area provide coal for plants that generate just over 2% of Turkey’s power, according to the operator’s website.
反对扩大褐煤开采的村民和像厄舍克这样的环保活动人士表示，开采已经摧毁了森林，并威胁到橄榄林、农田和社区。
Villagers and environmental campaigners like Isik, who oppose the expansion of lignite mining, say it has destroyed forest and threatens olive groves, farmland and communities.
反对煤炭的斗争带来了严厉的后果。厄舍克26岁的女儿埃斯拉（Esra）在参加了一场抗议计划征用土地用于采矿的活动后，被审前羁押了42天。法院在7月以抗拒公职人员罪判处她两年监禁。目前她正在等待上诉结果，处于保释期。
The fight against coal has had harsh consequences. Isik’s 26-year-old daughter Esra spent 42 days in pretrial detention after a protest against the planned expropriation of land for mining. A court in July sentenced her to two years in prison for resisting public officials. She is free pending the decision of an appeal.
“这个判罚不仅仅是针对我。这是试图惩罚这个国家里每一个站出来捍卫自己权利、土地和村庄的人，”埃斯拉·厄舍克说。她的母亲多年来一直在村庄周围抗议扩大煤炭开采。
"This punishment was not just handed to me. It was an attempt to punish everyone in this country who stands up for their rights, their land and their village," Esra Isik said. Her mother has for years protested against the expansion of coal mining around her village.
“40年来，我们一直生活在煤炭的阴影下。我试图伴随着煤炭的气息、伴随着煤炭的污垢在这里生活，”内伊拉·厄舍克说。
“For 40 years we’ve been living with coal breathing down our necks. I try to live here with the breath of coal, with the dirt of coal,” Nejla Isik said.
这些煤炭供应给附近的杰尼科伊和克默尔科伊发电厂，这两座电厂由利马克和IC伊克塔斯合资企业杰尼科伊-克默尔科伊能源公司运营。利马克拒绝就此事置评。IC伊克塔斯未回应置评请求。
The coal supplies the nearby Yenikoy and Kemerkoy power plants, operated by Yenikoy-Kemerkoy Energy, a joint venture involving Limak and IC Ictas. Limak declined to comment for this story. IC Ictas did not respond to a request for comment.
能源部长阿尔帕尔斯兰·巴伊拉克塔尔周四在与外国媒体会面时表示，土耳其正在致力于向更清洁能源的公正过渡，但这很困难，因为矿山雇用了数千人。
At a meeting with foreign media on Thursday, Energy Minister Alparslan Bayraktar said Turkey was working on a just transition to cleaner energy, but that it was difficult as the mines employ thousands of people.
他说，核能提供了最具可行性的替代方案，安卡拉的目标是到2040年实现10吉瓦的核电装机容量。根据路透社的计算，这大致相当于目前的燃煤发电量。土耳其对抗议活动的限制人权组织对土耳其限制抗议活动的做法表示担忧，包括对示威活动的全面禁令、大规模拘留以及他们所说的过度使用武力。
He said nuclear energy offered the most viable alternative and Ankara was aiming for 10 gigawatts of nuclear generation capacity by 2040. That would equate roughly to current coal-powered production, according to Reuters calculations. RESTRICTIONS ON PROTESTS IN TURKEY Rights groups have raised concerns about restrictions on protests in Turkey, including blanket bans on demonstrations, mass detentions and what they say is the disproportionate use of force.
人权组织“人权观察”在10月份的一份报告中表示，土耳其当局任意逮捕并起诉了阿克贝伦及该国其他地区的环保抗议者。报告称，安全部队强行驱散了非暴力示威活动，抗议者、律师和记者面临非法集会、妨碍公职人员、非法侵入和散布虚假信息等指控。
Human Rights Watch said in an October report that Turkish authorities had arbitrarily arrested and prosecuted environmental protesters in Akbelen and other parts of the country. It said security forces forcibly dispersed non-violent demonstrations and protesters, lawyers and journalists faced charges such as illegal assembly, obstructing public officials, trespass and spreading false information.
“随着土耳其即将主办年度联合国气候变化峰会，其对环保镇压的行动鲜明地提醒人们，该国对异见缺乏宽容，”人权观察欧洲和中亚助理研究员代尼兹·巴伊拉姆（Deniz Bayram）说。
“With Turkey about to host the annual UN climate change summit, its environmental crackdown is a salient reminder of its intolerance of dissent,” said Deniz Bayram, assistant Europe and Central Asia researcher at Human Rights Watch.
政府表示，警方是在示威活动非法或威胁公共秩序时进行干预的。内政部和司法部未就此事置评。
The government says police intervene when demonstrations are unlawful or threaten public order. The interior ministry and justice ministry did not comment for this story.
围绕阿克贝伦的争端在2023年伐木工作恢复时加剧。村民们说，安全部队向试图进入森林的示威者使用了水炮和胡椒喷雾，随之而来的是其他惩罚。
The dispute around Akbelen intensified in 2023 when tree-felling resumed. Villagers say security forces used water cannon and pepper spray on demonstrators seeking to enter the forest and that other punishments followed.
“我们遭到水炮、催泪瓦斯、拘留，各种对待，”内伊拉·厄舍克说。“后来，因为我们没有离开这个地区、这个村庄，所以有了罚款，一年后针对我们的案件也开庭了。”另一位居民哈桑·约鲁尔马兹（Hasan Yorulmaz）表示，抗议者为了阻止松树被砍伐而游行时，士兵挡住了他们的去路。
“We were subjected to water cannon, pepper gas, detention, everything,” Nejla Isik said. “Afterwards, because we didn’t abandon this area, this village, there were fines, and a year later cases were opened against us.”Hasan Yorulmaz, another resident, said protesters had marched to stop pine trees being cut down when soldiers blocked their path.
“他们对妇女和男性、年轻人和老年人都使用了胡椒喷雾，”他说。“尽管如此，我们还是继续抵抗。当时我在最前面，他们把我带走并拘留了。”
“They used pepper spray on women and men, young and old,” he said. “Despite that, we continued the resistance. I was at the front and they took me away and detained me.”